Gender differences in hospital admissions for major cardiovascular events and procedures in people with and without diabetes in England: a nationwide study 2004–2014

Abstract

BackgroundSecondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has improved immensely during the past decade but controversies persist on cardiovascular benefits among women with diabetes. We investigated 11-year trends in hospital admission rates for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) in people with and without diabetes by gender in England.MethodsWe identified all hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease causes among people aged 17 years and above between 2004 and 2014 in England. We calculated diabetes-specific and non-diabetes-specific rates for study outcomes by gender. To assess temporal changes, we fitted negative binomial regression models.ResultsDiabetes-related admission rates remained unchanged for AMI (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.99 [95% CI 0.98–1.01]), increased for stroke by 2% (1.02 [1.01–1.03]) and PCI by 3% (1.03 [1.01–1.04]) and declined for CABG by 3% (0.97 [0.96–0.98]) annually. Trends did not differ significantly by diabetes status. Women with diabetes had significantly lower rates of AMI (IRR 0.46 [95% CI 0.40–0.53]) and stroke (0.73 [0.63–0.84]) compared with men with diabetes. However, gender differences in admission rates for AMI attenuated in diabetes compared with the non-diabetic group. While diabetes tripled admission rates for AMI in men (IRR 3.15 [95% CI 2.72–3.64]), it increased it by over fourfold among women (4.27 [3.78–4.93]). Furthermore, while the presence of diabetes was associated with a threefold increased rates for PCI and fivefold increased rates for CABG (IRR 3.14 [2.83–3.48] and 5.01 [4.59–5.05], respectively) in men, among women diabetes was associated with a 4.4-fold increased admission rates for PCI and 6.2-fold increased rates for CABG (4.37 [3.93–4.85] and 6.24 [5.66–6.88], respectively). Proportional changes in rates were similar in men and women for all study outcomes, leaving the relative risk of admissions unchanged.ConclusionsDiabetes still confers a greater increase in risk of hospital admission for AMI in women relative to men. However, the absolute risk remains higher in men. These results call for intensified CVD risk factor management among people with diabetes, consideration of gender-specific treatment targets and treatment intensity to be aligned with levels of CVD risk.

Trends in incidence and case fatality of acute myocardial infarction, angina and coronary revascularisation in people with and without type 2 diabetes in Scotland between 2006 and 2015

“…Relation to other studies Our findings of stable RRs of first AMI in both men and women with type 2 diabetes are in agreement with some [2,16,17] but not all [3,[18][19][20] earlier findings. In the UK, type 1 and type 2 diabetes conferred a [3].…”

Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetes Mellitus Patients

“…Studies emphasize that most of hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction, stroke, PCI, and CABG surgery, are still high among female patients with type two diabetes mellitus, precisely comparing similar findings with previous ones, and showing that the increasing rate of CABG among diabetic male patient was increased five folds 5.01 [4.59-5.05],whereas increasing rate of CABG among diabetic female patient was increased6.2 folds 6.24 [5.66-6.88]. However the definite risk is higher in men [8].…”

The Role of Leukocytes in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

“…However, the role of B-lymphocytes specifically in the progression of DCM is unknown, therefore additional studies within this context are needed. Third, there are known differences between males and females in the progression of DCM ( Natarajan et al, 2003 ; Laverty et al, 2017 ). It is evident that females are protected from cardiovascular diseases due to multiples factors including estrogen receptor signaling ( Pare et al, 2002 ), reduced ROS production, and higher antioxidants ( Barp et al, 2002 ; Ide et al, 2002 ).…”