Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity.

Fujita, Frank; Diener, Ed; Sandvik, Ed

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.427

Cited by 689 publications

(466 citation statements)

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“…Many neuroimaging studies that report dACC activation during emotional tasks included only women in an attempt to minimize heterogeneity of response to emotional stimuli (for examples, see Hutcherson et al, 2005;Ochsner et al, 2002). The justification for the inclusion of women rather than men is that women report experiencing greater emotional intensity than men (Diener et al, 1985;Fujita et al, 1991;Grossman and Wood, 1993) and are more physiologically aroused in response to emotional stimuli, even when self-reported emotion differences are not found (Grossman and Wood, 1993). Consistent with these previous observations, we observed that dACC activation during the processing of high arousal pictures is significantly greater in women than in men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between trait emotional awareness and dorsal anterior cingulate activity during emotion is arousal-dependent

et al. 2008

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The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is commonly thought to subserve primarily cognitive functions, but has been strongly implicated in the allocation of attention to emotional information. In a previous positron emission tomography (PET) study, we observed that women with higher emotional awareness as measured by the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) showed greater changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in dACC induced by emotional films and recall. In the current study, we tested whether these effects were due to the processing of any nonneutral stimulus, or were specific to conditions of high emotional arousal. Our results extend the previous finding by demonstrating a positive correlation between emotional awareness and dACC activity only in the context of viewing highly arousing pictures. No such relationship was observed when comparing pleasant or unpleasant pictures to neutral or to each other. We also observed that the relationship between LEAS and dACC activity was present in both sexes but stronger in women than men. These results reinforce the concept that greater trait awareness of one's own emotional experiences is associated with greater engagement of the dACC during emotional arousal, which we suggest may reflect greater attentional processing of emotional information.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between trait emotional awareness and dorsal anterior cingulate activity during emotion is arousal-dependent

et al. 2008

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“…É comum relacionar fatores de bem-estar psicológico e subjetivo com variáveis demográficas, a exemplo do gêne-ro (Caetano & Estrada, 2006;Chaves et al, 2002;Fujita et al, 1991;Hutchinson et al, 2004;Peiró, 2006) e da idade (Otta & Fiquer, 2004;Ryff, 1989;Santavirta et al, 2005). Embora existam mais evidências a favor de maior bemestar por parte de participantes do sexo masculino e mais velhos, como previamente ficou assinalado, isso não se constatou no presente estudo.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…De modo semelhante, Hutchinson et al (2004) constataram que as mulheres apresentam níveis mais baixos de bem-estar psicológico e satisfação com a vida do que os homens. Pode-se observar nas mulheres maior presença de estados de depressão, ansiedade e mais afetos negativos (Fujita, Diener, & Sandvik, 1991), embora estas demonstrem nível de felicidade igual ou inclusive superior ao dos homens. Peiró (2006) ressalta que em alguns países (por exemplo, Austrália, China, Finlândia, Japão, Nigéria e Sudão) as mulheres declararam um grau maior de felicidade geral do que o fizeram os homens.…”

Section: Bem-estar Subjetivo E Variáveis Demográficasunclassified

Escala de bem-estar afetivo no trabalho (Jaws): evidências de validade fatorial e consistência interna

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Fonsêca

Lins

et al. 2008

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar uma medida de bem-estar afetivo no trabalho para o contexto brasileiro. Especificamente, pretendeu-se conhecer evidências de validade fatorial e consistência interna da Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS), avaliando se as pontuações nos seus fatores diferem em função do gênero e da idade dos participantes. Participaram 298 trabalhadores de centros comerciais de pequeno e médio porte da cidade de João Pessoa (PB). A maioria destes era do sexo feminino (76,8%), com idade média de 26 anos (DP = 6,87). Através de uma análise dos componentes principais (rotação promax) foram identificados dois fatores que explicaram conjuntamente 48,1% da variância total: afetos positivos (α = 0,94; 14 itens) e afetos negativos (α = 0,87; 13 itens); um fator geral de bem-estar afetivo no trabalho foi também computado (α = 0,95; 27 itens). As pontuações dos participantes nestes fatores não foram influenciadas pelas variáveis gênero e idade. Estes resultados são discutidos à luz do que tem sido escrito sobre os parâmetros desta escala e da relação dos afetos com estas variáveis demográficas. Palavras-chave: Afetos; emoções; bem-estar; trabalho. AbstractThis study aimed at adapting a measure of job-related affective well-being for the Brazilian milieu. Specifically, it was proposed to know evidences of factor validity and reliability of the Job-Related Affective WellBeing Scale (JAWS), assessing if its scores are influenced by participants' gender and age. The participants were 298 individuals employed in small or middle shopping malls in the city of João Pessoa, PB; most of them were female (76.8%), with a mean age of 26 years old (SD = 6.87). A main component analysis (with promax rotation) was performed, revealing two components that jointly accounted for 48.1% of the total variance. They were named as positive affect (α = .94; 14 items) and negative affect (α = .87; 13 items). A general factor of affective well-being was also identified (α = .95; 27 items). Participants' scores on these factors were not influenced by their gender or age. These findings are discussed based on literature that describes the psychometric parameters of the JAWS as well as the correlation of affects with demographic variables. Keywords: Affects; emotions; well-being; work.Nos últimos anos, a saúde mental do trabalhador tem sido temática de interesse na Psicologia Social e Organizacional, visto as transformações ocorridas no mundo do trabalho no final do século XX e início do presente (Álva-ro, 1992;T. L. Carneiro & Carvalho, 2003). No mercado de trabalho, especificamente, assiste-se a uma diversidade de formas de emprego, sobretudo com a expansão das relações de trabalho temporário. Neste cenário, observa-se, por exemplo, que as pessoas que trabalham há menos de dois anos são mais susceptíveis a doenças e acidentes de trabalho do que a média dos trabalhadores. Este padrão é extensivo aos empregados temporários, principalmente quando são de setores da construção civil, saúde e de atividades sociais (Comis...

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“…Only women were included because of evidence that emotions are typically more intense and more prone to regulation in women (e.g., Fujita, Diener, & Sandvik, 1991), but also to increase comparability with previous emotion regulation studies that also included women only (Kim & Hamann, 2007) and to avoid any potential sex differences that could have modulated the regulation effects of interest. We did not record information about their menstrual cycle (see Limitations).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of emotion regulation strategy on brain responses to the valence and social content of visual scenes

2011

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a b s t r a c tEmotion Regulation (ER) includes different mechanisms aiming at volitionally modulating emotional responses, including cognitive re-evaluation (re-appraisal; REAP) or inhibition of emotion expression and behavior (expressive suppression; ESUP). However, despite the importance of these ER strategies, previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have not sufficiently disentangled the specific neural impact of REAP versus ESUP on brain responses to different kinds of emotion-eliciting events. Moreover, although different effects have been reported for stimulus valence (positive vs. negative), no study has systematically investigated how ER may change emotional processing as a function of particular stimulus content variables (i.e., social vs. nonsocial). Our fMRI study directly compared brain activation to visual scenes during the use of different ER strategies, relative to a "natural" viewing condition, but also examined the effects of ER as a function of the social versus nonsocial content of scenes, in addition to their negative versus positive valence (by manipulating these factors orthogonally in a 2 × 2 factorial design). Our data revealed that several prefrontal cortical areas were differentially recruited during either REAP or ESUP, independent of the valence and content of images. In addition, selective modulations by either REAP or ESUP were found depending on the negative valence of scenes (medial fusiform gyrus, anterior insula, dmPFC), and on their nonsocial (middle insula) or social (bilateral amygdala, mPFC, posterior cingulate) significance. Furthermore, we observed a significant lateralization in the amygdala for the effect of the two different ER strategies, with a predominant modulation by REAP on the left side but by ESUP on the right side. Taken together, these results do not only highlight the distributed nature of neural changes induced by ER, but also reveal the specific impact of different strategies (REAP or ESUP), and the specific sites implicated by different dimensions of emotional information (social or negative).

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Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity.

Cited by 689 publications

References 33 publications

Association between trait emotional awareness and dorsal anterior cingulate activity during emotion is arousal-dependent

Association between trait emotional awareness and dorsal anterior cingulate activity during emotion is arousal-dependent

Escala de bem-estar afetivo no trabalho (Jaws): evidências de validade fatorial e consistência interna

Effects of emotion regulation strategy on brain responses to the valence and social content of visual scenes

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