Gender differences in open‐field behavior as a function of age

Masur, Jandira; Schütz, Maria Teresa Barros; Boerngen, Roseli

doi:10.1002/dev.420130202

Cited by 88 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The lack of significant and direct sex difference in EPM and open field behaviour is in accordance with the literature where such differences had not been reported before PND 60 (Masur, Schutz, and Boerngen 1980;Imhof et al 1993). Nevertheless there was a trend in that females showed more vertical exploration.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The impact of early postnatal environmental enrichment on maternal care and offspring behaviour following weaning

Lund

Voigt

2016

Behavioural Processes

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

The impact of early postnatal environmental enrichment on maternal care and offspring behaviour following weaning

Lund

Voigt

2016

Behavioural Processes

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“…Interestingly, although in the light males spent slightly more time in the inner circle than females (see Figure 2), males spent relatively even more time in the inner circle than females in the dark. Thus, although the light data showed trends conforming to previous literature reporting that males are more cautious and fearful than females [15,19,30], it seems odd that males should be relatively even more fearful than females in the dark. However, there may be another contributor to the differences in male and female open field behavior.…”

Section: Sex Differencessupporting

confidence: 82%

Effects of rat sex differences and lighting on locomotor exploration of a circular open field with free-standing central corners and without peripheral walls

Alstott

Timberlake

2009

Behavioural Brain Research

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Abstract:A typical open field consists of a square enclosure, bounded by four straight walls joined by identical corners. For decades behavioral researchers have used the open center and more sheltered perimeter of such fields to examine the effects of drugs, sex differences, and illumination on the behavioral expression of fear and anxiety. The present study used a circular field to "reverse" the security of different areas, providing a center sheltered by six free-standing corners and an open perimeter to re-examine the functional relation of open field behavior to experience, sex differences and lighting. Across six daily exposures, males in both the light and dark rapidly increased their preference for the center. Females in the light developed a similar pattern, though more slowly; females in the dark continued to spend the great majority of their time in the open periphery, including the edge of the field. The behavior of all groups, but especially the dark females, strongly supports the continued importance of environmental assessment in open field behavior.

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“…Lastly, Fan et al (2011) reported that nLPS (P5) male and female rats on P21 showed anxiolytic effects (spent more time in the open arms) on the EPM compared to nSal controls (Fan et al, 2011). The anxiolytic effects observed have been previously seen by others (Imhof et al, 1993;Masur et al, 1980;Walker et al, 2004).…”

Section: Neonatal Effects-existing Literature On the Effects Of Neonamentioning

confidence: 53%

Sex effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes of innate immune activation during prenatal and neonatal life

Rana

Aavani

Pittman

2012

Hormones and Behavior

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Humans are exposed to potentially harmful agents (bacteria, viruses, toxins) throughout our lifespan; the consequences of such exposure can alter central nervous system development. Exposure to immunogens during pregnancy increases the risk of developing neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Further, sex hormones, such as estrogen, have strong modulatory effects on immune function and have also been implicated in the development of neuropathologies (e.g., schizophrenia and depression). Similarly, animal studies have demonstrated that immunogen exposure in utero or during the neonatal period, at a time when the brain is undergoing maturation, can induce changes in learning and memory, as well as dopaminemediated behaviors in a sex-specific manner. Literature that covers the effects of immunogens on innate immune activation and ultimately the development of the adult brain and behavior is riddled with contradictory findings, and the addition of sex as a factor only adds to the complexity. This review provides evidence that innate immune activation during critical periods of development may have effects on the adult brain in a sex-specific manner. Issues regarding sex bias in research as well as variability in animal models of immune function are discussed.

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Gender differences in open‐field behavior as a function of age

Cited by 88 publications

References 6 publications

The impact of early postnatal environmental enrichment on maternal care and offspring behaviour following weaning

The impact of early postnatal environmental enrichment on maternal care and offspring behaviour following weaning

Effects of rat sex differences and lighting on locomotor exploration of a circular open field with free-standing central corners and without peripheral walls

Sex effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes of innate immune activation during prenatal and neonatal life

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