Gender Equality and Economic Growth Toward Fulfillment of Sustainable Development Goals

Abstract

In implementing the 2030 Agenda for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), gender equality is fundamental to realizing the promises of sustainability, peace, and human progress. In 2020, females made up 49.42% of Indonesia's total population, while at the same time, Indonesia's score on the Gender Development Index was lower than the world's average GDI score. This study aims to analyze the effect of gender equality on economic growth in Indonesia in 2010-2019. In this study, a descriptive quantitative analysis approach was used, with the research object being the 33 provinces of Indonesia. The model used in this study is a multiple regression equation made to handle panel data. The results showed that Women's Life Expectancy had a negative and significant effect on economic growth. In contrast, Women's Average Length of Schooling has a negative and significant effect on economic growth. The study results revealed that improving the quality of women's human resources as measured by education and health and participation rates is a necessary but not sufficient factor in driving overall economic growth. It needs to be accompanied by proper policies that favor women regarding good job opportunities, a safe work environment, and decent wagesKeywords: Gender, Growth, Life Expectancy, Mean Years of Schooling.

The impact of gender equality on economic growth of Pakistan

“…Large number of females works in the informal sector with low wages, such as domestic workers. In formal sector workers are unaware of their legal rights in accordance to labor protections like minimum level of wages, severance pay, extra time duty pay, insurance of old age, health, and labor unions, due which such female workers are uncertain about their work tenure and income (Anggraeni ,2022). An astonishing gender gap prevails in the labor market, only 30% of females with degree of grade 12& becomes part of labor force while male labor force is 80% (UN Women, 2023).…”

“…Other obstacles that obscure women's participation in labor force are a societal and man-made cultural trap that limits their involvement & mobility, family burden and domestic responsibilities in addition to greater digital gender gap that out throw them from opportunities to work using technology and other technical platforms (UN Women, 2023). Anggraeni (2022) explored in his studies that causes of lesser LFPR as compare to male LFPR are inadequate access to right information, gender biasness in work place, expensive education, and a patriarchal society that considers women as entirely in charge for the household. A stark difference between female and male labor force participation in Pakistan from year 2003 to 2022 has been shown in Fig1.2 with the help of graph, the data has been selected from World development indicator 2023.…”

“…It is strongly believed that healthy population is the strength of every progressive economy, that's why health sector holds core importance in government policies across the world (World health organization, 2020).Women's Life Expectancy is taken as proxy of female health in Pakistan. Healthy females (both mentally and physically) can be highly creative, industrious and can be trusted to improve the economic health of country (Anggraeni, 2022). Analysis by Sari et al (2019) explains that an improvement in female's life expectancy has significant impact on regional income.…”

“…The government should do expenditure on projects which provides decent jobs opportunities for females, significantly formal sector jobs that can engage educated female workers and rise their incomes. (Anggraeni, 2022).…”

Does Women’s Empowerment Influence Multidimensional Poverty? Empirical Insight from Rural Odisha of India

“…Goal-5 of the SDGs includes gender equality and women empowerment as a precondition for reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development, and building good governance (Nandi, 2021). Gender equality and women's empowerment in education, health, economic, social, and political domain plays a significant role in achieving sustainable and inclusive growth through the creation of human capital, boosting labour productivity, providing access to economic activities, and ameliorating poverty (Anggraeni et al, 2022;Jamil et al, 2022;Korosteleva & Stępień-Baig, 2020; P. K. Sohail, 2014;Wei et al, 2021).…”