Gender, Ethnicity, and Their Intersectionality in the Prediction of Smoking Outcome Expectancies in Regular Cigarette Smokers

Aguirre, Claudia; Bello, Mariel S.; Andrabi, Nafeesa; Pang, Raina D.; Hendricks, Peter S.; Bluthenthal, Ricky N.; Leventhal, Adam M.

doi:10.1177/0145445515608146

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(123 reference statements)

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“…Smoking can reduce appetite. 15 The nicotine increases metabolism, which in turn may increase the burning of calories. In this study, men smoke cigarettes more often than women (23.2% versus 15.1% indicated smoking “often”, P =0.039, χ 2 =8.342, V Craméra =0.091).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis concerning nutritional behaviors in the context of the risk of orthorexia

Olejniczak¹,

Bugajec²,

Pańczyk³

et al. 2017

NDT

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Orthorexia is recognized as an eating disorder, an obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder, or a somatoform disorder. The aim of our research was to analyze nutritional behaviors for the assessment of the risk of orthorexia. The authors developed a questionnaire in which 981 respondents participated and used it as a research method. Both men and women ate mostly 4–5 meals per day (46.30% women versus 34.74% men); however, more men than women ate 1–2 meals daily (18.95% men versus 7.9% women). Both place of birth and field of study did not differ in terms of the number of meals. Moreover, it was observed that the number of meals per day was correlated with the declared time spent on planning a diet. People who ate over 3 meals per day more often indicates that they spent >3 h per day on planning their diet in comparison with people who ate only 1–2 meals. Only 17.6% of the respondents declared that they most often ate meals in a company of someone, whereas 45.3% indicated that there was no rule. The remaining 37.1% of the respondents most often consumed their meals alone. Almost twice as many men as women never paid attention to the qualitative composition of nutrition. Women followed a slimming diet more often than men (20.3% versus 5.8%) and this indicated >4 attempts of losing weight. Around one-third of all the respondents suffered or suffer from eating disorders. Owing to insufficient information on orthorexia, it is essential to conduct further research to determine the characteristics of high-risk groups. Taking the growing interest in a healthy lifestyle into account, there is a need to address the problem of orthorexia in the public space.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis concerning nutritional behaviors in the context of the risk of orthorexia

Olejniczak¹,

Bugajec²,

Pańczyk³

et al. 2017

NDT

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“…Despite aforementioned concerns, at present, other than smoking cessation and avoiding cigarette smoke exposure altogether, there is no effective preventive or therapeutic option. Unfortunately, due to aggressive advertising strategies from the tobacco industry, especially towards the youth, and the highly addictive property of nicotine and negative reinforcement of withdrawal symptoms [18,19], it is unlikely that the problem of smoke/nicotine exposure will go away anytime soon. erefore, newer, effective approaches are needed to deal with a public health issue of huge clinical, financial, and societal implications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Protective Effects of Electroacupuncture at ST 36 and LU 5 on Pulmonary and Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis Changes in Perinatal Nicotine-Exposed Rats

Jiang

Zhao

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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Background. Maternal smoking and/or exposure to environmental tobacco smoke continue to be significant factors in fetal and childhood morbidity and are a serious public health issue worldwide. Nicotine passes through the placenta easily with minimal biotransformation, entering fetal circulation, where it results in many harmful effects on the developing offspring, especially on the developing respiratory system. Objectives. Recently, in a rat model, electroacupuncture (EA) at maternal acupoints ST 36 has been shown to block perinatal nicotine-induced pulmonary damage; however, the underlying mechanism and the specificity of ST 36 acupoints for this effect are unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that compared with EA at ST 36, EA at LU 5 acupoints, which are on lung-specific meridian, will be equally or more effective in preventing perinatal nicotine-induced pulmonary changes. Methods. Twenty-four pregnant rat dams were randomly divided into 4 groups: saline (“S”), nicotine (“N”), nicotine + ST 36 (N + ST 36), and nicotine + LU 5 (N + LU 5) groups. Nicotine (1 mg/kg, subcutaneously) and EA (at ST 36 or LU 5 acupoints, bilaterally) were administered from embryonic day 6 to postnatal day 21 once daily. The “S” group was injected saline. As needed, using ELISA, western analysis, q-RT-PCR, lung histopathology, maternal and offspring hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axes, offspring key lung developmental markers, and lung morphometry were determined. Results. With nicotine exposure, alveolar count decreased, but mean linear intercept and septal thickness increased. It also led to a decrease in pulmonary function and PPARγ and an increase of β-catenin and glucocorticoid receptor expression in lung tissue and corticosterone in the serum of offspring rats. Electroacupuncture at ST 36 normalized all of these changes, whereas EA at LU 5 had no obvious effect. Conclusion. Electroacupuncture applied to ST 36 acupoints provided effective protection against perinatal nicotine-induced lung changes, whereas EA applied at LU 5 acupoints was ineffective, suggesting mechanistic specificity and HPA axis’ involvement in mediating EA at ST 36 acupoints’ effects in mitigating perinatal nicotine-induced pulmonary phenotype. This opens the possibility that other acupoints, besides ST 36, can have similar or even more robust beneficial effects on the developing lung against the harmful effect of perinatal nicotine exposure. The approach proposed by us is simple, cheap, quick, easy to administer, and is devoid of any significant side effects.

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“…Moreover, approximately 10% of pregnant women reported smoking despite awareness of adverse effects to the fetus as well as to themselves, resulting in ~400,000 smoke‐exposed infants born yearly (Jamal et al, ; Scherman et al, ). Unfortunately, aggressive advertising strategies (especially toward the adolescent population with flavored products), the highly addictive quality of nicotine, and negative reinforcement of withdrawal symptoms (seen more commonly in women) (Aguirre et al, ; Rahmanian, Diaz, & Wewers, ), render the cessation extremely challenging. This is highly relevant because environmental exposure (active or passive) of the developing offspring to cig smoke/nicotine causes a lifelong decrease in offspring pulmonary function and increased risk of asthma and chronic lung disease (CLD), even when the offspring does not smoke (Maritz & Harding, ; Tager, Segal, Speizer, & Weiss, ; Upton, Smith, McConnachie, Hart, & Watt, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of perinatal nicotine exposure on fetal lung development and subsequent respiratory morbidity

Kuniyoshi

Rehan

2019

Birth Defects Research

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Maternal smoking during pregnancy remains as a significant public health crisis as it did decades ago. Although its prevalence is decreasing in high‐income countries, it has worsened globally, along with a concerning emergence of electronic‐cigarette usage within the last two decades. Extensive epidemiologic and experimental evidence exists from both human and animal studies, demonstrating the detrimental long‐term pulmonary outcomes in the offspring of mothers who smoke during pregnancy. Even secondhand and thirdhand smoke exposure to the developing lung might be as or even more harmful than firsthand smoke exposure. Furthermore, these effects are not limited only to the exposed progeny, but can also be transmitted transgenerationally. There is compelling evidence to support that the majority of the effects of perinatal smoke exposure on the developing lung, including the transgenerational transmission of asthma, is mediated by nicotine. Nicotine exposure induces cell‐specific molecular changes in lungs, which offers a unique opportunity to prevent, halt, and/or reverse the resultant damage through targeted molecular interventions. Experimentally, the proposed interventions, such as administration of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists can not only block but also potentially reverse the perinatal nicotine exposure‐induced respiratory morbidity in the exposed offspring. However, the development of a safe and effective intervention is still many years away. In the meantime, electropuncture at specific acupoints appears to be emerging as a more practical and safe physiologic approach to block the harmful pulmonary consequences of perinatal nicotine exposure.

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Gender, Ethnicity, and Their Intersectionality in the Prediction of Smoking Outcome Expectancies in Regular Cigarette Smokers

Cited by 24 publications

References 73 publications

Analysis concerning nutritional behaviors in the context of the risk of orthorexia

Analysis concerning nutritional behaviors in the context of the risk of orthorexia

Comparison of Protective Effects of Electroacupuncture at ST 36 and LU 5 on Pulmonary and Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis Changes in Perinatal Nicotine-Exposed Rats

The impact of perinatal nicotine exposure on fetal lung development and subsequent respiratory morbidity

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