Gender Identity and Relative Income within Households

Bertrand, Marianne; Kamenica, Emir; Pan, Jessica

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2216750

Cited by 146 publications

(245 citation statements)

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“…Even women who work full‐time tend to earn less than men of comparable or less education (Institute for Women's Policy Research, ). From men's perspective, although men have placed more importance on the financial prospects of a potential spouse over time (Buss et al, ), they may value women's high status only up to the point when women's status exceeds their own status (Bertrand et al, ; England, ; Graf & Schwartz, ). For example, a speed dating study found that men did not value women's intelligence or ambition when it exceeded their own (Fisman et al, ).…”

Section: Theoretical Framework and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On one hand, women's advantage in education may enable them to be more economically independent and thus put less emphasis on economic traits when evaluating potential spouses (Press, ). On the other hand, evidence suggests that men may still feel uncomfortable forming relationships in which they have lower status than their female partners (Bertrand, Kamenica, & Pan, ; Fisman, Iyengar, Kamenica, & Simonson, ). This persistent gendered norm as well as the gender pay gap mean that men—especially men who do not have an educational advantage over their wives—may marry women with lower incomes than themselves to preserve their status and gender role expectations in marriage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender Asymmetry in Educational and Income Assortative Marriage

Qian

2016

J of Marriage and Family

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The reversal of the gender gap in education has reshaped the U.S. marriage market. Drawing on data from the 1980 U.S. Census and the 2008–2012 American Community Surveys, the author used log‐linear models to examine gender asymmetry in educational and income assortative mating among newlyweds. Between 1980 and 2008–2012, educational assortative mating reversed from a tendency for women to marry up to a tendency for women to marry down in education, whereas the tendency for women to marry men with higher incomes than themselves persisted. Moreover, in both time periods, the tendency for women to marry up in income was generally greater among couples in which the wife's education level equaled or surpassed that of the husband than among couples in which the wife was less educated than the husband. The author discusses the implications of the rising female advantage in education for gender change in heterosexual marriages.

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Section: Theoretical Framework and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Asymmetry in Educational and Income Assortative Marriage

Qian

2016

J of Marriage and Family

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“…Goldin (), for instance, develops an explanation based on the fact that firms reward disproportionally individuals who work long and particular hours. Bertrand, Kamenica, and Pan () suggest a significant role for gender identity and social norms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the idea of identity in economics (Akerlof & Kranton, ), we follow the analysis advanced by Bertrand et al. (), which seeks to measure the effect of gender social norms on women's labor market choices. We apply the same framework to Brazil and introduce a discussion on informal labor markets, which is an institutional feature more common in developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bertrand et al. () suggest that social norms have an important impact in marriage formation and wives’ labor market decisions. Men and women have long been faced with different prescriptions, such as “men should be the breadwinners while women should take care of the household”, or its more modern version that states that “a man should earn more than his wife”.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social norms and female labor participation in Brazil

Codazzi

Pero

Sant’Anna

2018

Review Development Economics

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Over the last half-century, the role of women in society has changed substantially. However, the gender income gap and the difference in labor force participation persist.Other authors introduced the concept of identity from sociology and social psychology at the economic analysis and, based on this, we search less traditional factors for understanding this persistence. Extending analysis of others, we analyze the impact of gender social norms, focusing on the prescription that "a man should earn more than his wife" on social and economic results. Based on the Censuses for 1991, 2000, and 2010 we observed that for only 7 percent of married couples does the wife earn more than her husband. We found evidence that the wives with greater probability of earning more than their husbands are less likely to participate in the labor force. Once she does participate in the labor force, she has a higher probability of earning less than her potential income, working fewer hours, and having an informal job.---

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Consumers—Especially Women—Avoid Buying From Firms With Higher Gender Pay Gaps

et al. 2021

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We document a unique driver of consumer behavior: the public disclosure of a firm's gender pay gap. Four experiments provide causal evidence that when firms are revealed to have gender pay gaps, consumers are less willing to pay for their goods, a reaction driven by consumer perceptions of unfairness. Unlike reactions to CEO-to-worker wage gaps, this effect varies by consumers' gender: Compared to men, women show larger decreases in purchase intentions toward firms with gender pay gaps. Social media data, from before and after the United Kingdom legally mandated many firms to disclose their gender pay gaps, further demonstrate that gender pay gaps correlate with negative consumer reactions; once again, women are more likely than men to express negative sentiments online in response to pay gap-related topics. Although we show that firms consumers will punish firms with their wallets, we also observe boundary conditions: When decisions incur a sufficient cost to the self-such as when needing a ride-share when rain is very likely-the negative effects of gender gap disclosure are attenuated.

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Gender Identity and Relative Income within Households

Cited by 146 publications

References 3 publications

Gender Asymmetry in Educational and Income Assortative Marriage

Gender Asymmetry in Educational and Income Assortative Marriage

Social norms and female labor participation in Brazil

Consumers—Especially Women—Avoid Buying From Firms With Higher Gender Pay Gaps

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