Gender inequality and national gender gaps in overconfidence

Amirkhanyan, Hayk; Krawczyk, Michał; Wilamowski, Maciej

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249459

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The persistent gender inequalities that currently exist across the developed and developing world are receiving increasing attention from economists, policymakers, and the general public [e.g., 1 – 3 ]. Economic studies have indicated that women’s education and entry into the workforce contributes to social and economic well-being [e.g., 4 , 5 ], while their exclusion from the labor market and from managerial positions has an impact on overall labor productivity and income per capita [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty years of gender equality research: A scoping review based on a new semantic indicator

Belingheri¹,

Chiarello²,

Colladon

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Gender equality is a major problem that places women at a disadvantage thereby stymieing economic growth and societal advancement. In the last two decades, extensive research has been conducted on gender related issues, studying both their antecedents and consequences. However, existing literature reviews fail to provide a comprehensive and clear picture of what has been studied so far, which could guide scholars in their future research. Our paper offers a scoping review of a large portion of the research that has been published over the last 22 years, on gender equality and related issues, with a specific focus on business and economics studies. Combining innovative methods drawn from both network analysis and text mining, we provide a synthesis of 15,465 scientific articles. We identify 27 main research topics, we measure their relevance from a semantic point of view and the relationships among them, highlighting the importance of each topic in the overall gender discourse. We find that prominent research topics mostly relate to women in the workforce–e.g., concerning compensation, role, education, decision-making and career progression. However, some of them are losing momentum, and some other research trends–for example related to female entrepreneurship, leadership and participation in the board of directors–are on the rise. Besides introducing a novel methodology to review broad literature streams, our paper offers a map of the main gender-research trends and presents the most popular and the emerging themes, as well as their intersections, outlining important avenues for future research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty years of gender equality research: A scoping review based on a new semantic indicator

Belingheri¹,

Chiarello²,

Colladon

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, this study challenges the common assumptions of the message-audience congruence concept and homophily theory for females in relation to gendered wording and the endorser’s gender. As gender roles and societal gender role expectations are changing, women are now encouraged to take on stereotypically male roles and professions, and/or to display behaviours stereotypically reserved for men in the past [ 98 ]. Therefore conceptual congruence may not be an accurate construct that explains the persuasion effects of gender-based message content, and so factors such as perceived congruence should also be examined in future studies [ 99 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Masculine men do not like feminine wording: The effectiveness of gendered wording in health promotion leaflets in the UK

Baxter

Czarnecka²,

Schivinski³

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Following mixed-methods sequential design and drawing on the message-audience congruence concept and homophily theory, across three studies in the UK, we examined the effect of gendered wording and endorser’s gender on the effectiveness of leaflets promoting walking. In Study 1, a mall-intercept study achieved 247 completed questionnaires. Results demonstrated that men and women indicated the highest behavioural intentions for communal wording presented by a male endorser. However, pairwise comparisons revealed that when the wording of the advert was agentic and the endorser was male, males indicated significantly higher scores of behavioural intentions compared with females. Attitude towards the ad for women was highest for communal wording/female endorser; for men it was for agentic wording/male endorser. In Study 2, consumers’ views towards the gendered content were explored in 20 semi-structured interviews. In study 3 we examined the impact of the respondent’s gender role identity on gendered content effectiveness. Overall, when controlled for level of gender role identity, only masculine males evaluated leaflets featuring communal wording negatively which suggests that wording matters only for masculine males, but not for other men and women. Theoretically, we identified that gender-based message-respondent congruence is not a necessary aspect of communications to be effective, except for one group: masculine males. Our study identified dominant gender role identity as a factor that explained respondents’ preferences for presented stimuli. Specifically, males who display masculine gender role identity differ in evaluations of communal wording from all other groups. Social and commercial marketers who target men and women with exercise-related services should consider the use of agentic wording endorsed by a male endorser when targeting masculine men to increase the likelihood of eliciting positive attitudes towards the communication. However, such distinctions should not be associated with differences in women’s evaluations or men who do not report masculine gender role identity.

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“…For the Swedish results, a partial explanation to the confidence of men may be the higher fraction of men with PhD degrees compared to women, as previously discussed. However, it is known that men more often than women overestimate their abilities in self-assessment, especially in an area such as technology, which is commonly perceived as masculine [42][43][44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial intelligence and the medical physics profession - A Swedish perspective

et al. 2021

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Gender inequality and national gender gaps in overconfidence

Cited by 4 publications

References 51 publications

Twenty years of gender equality research: A scoping review based on a new semantic indicator

Twenty years of gender equality research: A scoping review based on a new semantic indicator

Masculine men do not like feminine wording: The effectiveness of gendered wording in health promotion leaflets in the UK

Artificial intelligence and the medical physics profession - A Swedish perspective

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