Gender Inequality in Latin America: A Multidimensional Analysis Based on ECLAC Indicators

Hernández, Edith Johana Medina; Gómez, María José Fernández; Barrera-Mellado, Inmaculada

doi:10.3390/su132313140

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 59 publications

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“…Our sex effects were specific for Alzheimer's disease and LAC, consistent with the impacts of environmental 41 versus genetic risks 57 in Alzheimer's disease and bvFTD, respectively. Despite advances in gender equality, women in LAC still face significant obstacles 58 including lower education, less income and healthcare access, and greater caregiving burden, potentially exacerbating brain health issues and Alzheimer's disease risk 59,60 . Previous models for brain age have been conducted predominantly in high-income settings, ignoring sex and gender differences triggered by regionspecific influences 30,31 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain clocks capture diversity and disparity in aging and dementia

Ibanez,

Moguilner,

Baez

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Brain clocks, which quantify discrepancies between brain age and chronological age, hold promise for understanding brain health and disease. However, the impact of multimodal diversity (geographical, socioeconomic, sociodemographic, sex, neurodegeneration) on the brain age gap (BAG) is unknown. Here, we analyzed datasets from 5,306 participants across 15 countries (7 Latin American countries -LAC, 8 non-LAC). Based on higher-order interactions in brain signals, we developed a BAG deep learning architecture for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI=2,953) and electroencephalography (EEG=2,353). The datasets comprised healthy controls, and individuals with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. LAC models evidenced older brain ages (fMRI: MDE=5.60, RMSE=11.91; EEG: MDE=5.34, RMSE=9.82) compared to non-LAC, associated with frontoposterior networks. Structural socioeconomic inequality and other disparity-related factors (pollution, health disparities) were influential predictors of increased brain age gaps, especially in LAC (R²=0.37, F²=0.59, RMSE=6.9). A gradient of increasing BAG from controls to mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease was found. In LAC, we observed larger BAGs in females in control and Alzheimer’s disease groups compared to respective males. Results were not explained by variations in signal quality, demographics, or acquisition methods. Findings provide a quantitative framework capturing the multimodal diversity of accelerated brain aging.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain clocks capture diversity and disparity in aging and dementia

Ibanez,

Moguilner,

Baez

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Multi-way Analysis of the Gender Dimension of the Sustainable Development Goals

Medina-Hernández,

Fernández-Gómez

2024

Soc Indic Res

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The gender dimension of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) is integral to the goals established to foster the development of nations, as it is intertwined with other goals and enhances their attainability. Thus, this study examines 28 indicators belonging to the goals of the sustainable development objectives, distinguishing between the gender SDGs (6 indicators) and other SDGs (22 indicators), all of which were reported by 110 countries in the year 2023. The assessment considers four regions: the African continent (28 countries), the Americas region (21 countries), Asia-Oceania (29 countries), and Europe (32 countries). The STATICO multivariate technique is used (consisting of four Co-inertia analyses and one Partial Triadic Analysis) to study the interactions among the indicators. The goal is to determine whether differences or similarities exist between these indicators within each region and to make a comparative assessment across countries. The study’s findings show the existing covariances between the various targets of the 2030 Agenda and indicate that in Europe, the gender dimension is more closely integrated with the other SDGs than in the other regions. In Africa, substantial variations between countries are observed, while Asia, Oceania, and the Americas face challenges in specific indicators and countries in terms of achieving sustainable development.

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