Gender inequality in mobility and mode choice in Pakistan

Abstract

Using the nationally representative dataset of the 2007 Pakistan Time-Use Survey, this paper examines gender differences in daily trip rate, mode choice, travel duration, and purpose of travel, which are previously unreported because of limited data availability. Wide gender mobility gaps are observed in the country, where women are less likely to travel, are half as mobile as men and may rely heavily on walking. The particular social and cultural context of the country, that renders women as private, secluded and family honor, seems influential in shaping their mobility and choice of activities. Demographic factors such as age, household income, and marital status significantly decrease female mobility levels. Hence, these findings call for a gender-based culturally responsive transportation policy in the country.

Understanding mobility characteristics and needs of older persons in urban Pakistan with respect to use of public transport and self-driving

“…Trip frequency rose between the increasing wealth categories from 'dependent' to 'upper-middle income group'. Adeel (2016) suggested that personal income is positively associated with mobility levels, with those with no income having least mobility. However, Table 4 also shows a slight decrease in mobility between the 'upper-middle-income' and 'high-income' groups.…”

Feasibility of a Birth-cohort In Pakistan: Evidence For Better Lives Study

“…al. note in their analysis of Pakistan Time-Use Survey that 80% of all trips outside the house are by males in Pakistan [8]). A qualitative study in a hospital in Rawalpindi by Armaan Rowthor et.…”

Are women neglected in the EU agriculture? Evidence from Lithuanian young farmers

“…The indifference to this issue is even observed in the developed countries ( Heise et al, 2019 ). Gender inequality in mobility ( Adeel et al, 2017 ) implies that women are less mobile by all means of transportation (because of personal security, home responsibilities) and leads to lower income. This can be offset by remote work practices ( Cama et al, 2016 ; Lörz and Mühleck, 2019 ).…”