Gender mainstreaming

Feminist Transformations and Domestic Violence Activism in Divided Berlin, 1968-2002

“…Scholars typically attribute this history to processes of co-optation, whereby the neoliberal state adopts the principles and work of activists and rights-based movements in service of solidifying a broader normative agenda. 12 But the institutionalisation of feminism was not only a result of the co-optation of women's rights activism by the media and the West German state. It also came about out of interactions with shelter residents and other activists who challenged feminist politics and ideals.…”

“…Men's violence against women was legitimised on the back of gendered narratives of female hysteria and rationalised as a corrective to perceived wifely transgressions. 12 In Germany, as elsewhere, it was closely associated with the working classes and linked with excessive alcohol consumption, low education, poor living standards and the pressure to provide for large families. 13 Women living with an abusive husband were simply 'unlucky' or deemed 'incapable of finding a "normal" husband' .…”

“…Reflecting notions of men's and women's 'natural' differences, lawmakers, social elites and both the Catholic and Protestant churches valorised women for their reproductive and maternal roles and positioned them primarily within the private sphere. 12 These ideals were not only socially and politically accepted, but they were also embedded in the patriarchal order enacted in the Civil Code of the newly unified German Empire in 1900. Drawing from a long-standing legal tradition, women's roles were circumscribed both politically, as only adult male citizens had the right to vote and privately, as the Civil Code ensured male authority over the household and limited women's rights to earn money, inherit property and make financial decisions.…”

“…11 The SDS was a particularly important organisation within the broader student movement. 12 Formed in 1946, the SDS was originally closely tied to the West German SPD. 13 However, at a time of strong anti-communism, the SDS' increasingly socialist, New Left orientation concerned the Social Democrats.…”

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“…Local Dynamics, regional actors, global challenges, February 2022, pp. 37-50 Yemeni women's role in conflict resolution Elisabete Júlio DominguesSeveral observers and academics agreed that all population's involvement in conflict resolution, mainly concerning formal processes, is essential to reduce violence and to build a society based on positive peace and sustainability(Crespo-Sancho, 2018; McGuuinness, 2006;Sandole-Staroste, 2009;Domingues, 2020). Empowering women and promoting gender equality is crucial to accelerate development and produce more equal societies, which are important elements in preventing violent conflict (Crespo-Sancho, 2018).…”