Gender‐related and age‐related urinalysis of healthy subjects by NMR‐based metabonomics

Abstract

NMR-based metabonomic analysis is a well-established approach to characterizing healthy and diseased states. The aim of this study was to investigate inter-individual variability in the metabolic urinary profile of a healthy Greek population, not subjected to strict dietary limitations, by NMR-based metabonomics. The overall metabonomic urinalysis showed a homogeneous distribution among the population. The metabolic profile was examined in relation to gender and age, and reference intervals of major metabolites were determined. Multivariate data analysis led to the construction of two robust models that were able to predict the class membership of the subjects studied according to their gender and age. The most influential low molecular weight metabolites responsible for the differences in gender groups were citrate, creatinine, trimethylamine N-oxide, glycine, creatine and taurine, and for the differences in age groups they were citrate, creatinine, trimethylamine N-oxide and an unidentified metabolite (d 3.78).

1H NMR-based Metabonomic Analysis of Metabolic Changes in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

“…14 An increased level of hippurate in the urine of diabetic rats indicates an alteration in gut microbiota. Lipid intermediary metabolites, such as choline, betaine and TMAO, are present in the urine, serum and multiple tissues of mice, rats and humans.…”

“…14 Due to its usefulness in evaluating systemic responses to any subtle metabolic perturbation, metabonomics has been used for the diagnosis and evaluation of diabetic patients, 15 and for the identification of potential biomarkers. 16,17 Mäkinen et al has demonstrated that metabonomic analysis is a highly sensitive and specific approach for diagnosing diabetic nephropathy.…”

1H-NMR-based metabonomic analysis of metabolic profiling in diabetic nephropathy rats induced by streptozotocin

“…Hippurate is usually detected in urine and its concentration is related to the microbial activity and composition of the gut (24). An increased level of hippurate in urine samples from diabetic rats indicates an alteration in gut microbiota in the diabetic state.…”

Effect of Human Urine on Cell Cycle and Infectivity of Leismania Species Promastigotes In Vitro

“…NMRbased metabolomics analysis of urine samples that were taken from healthy persons showed that urine was composed of 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetate, succinate, alanine, citrate, creatine, creatinine, dimethylamine, formate, glycine, hippurate, histidine, indoxyl sulfate, lactate, n -acetyl groups from glycoproteins, phenylalanine, taurine, and trimethylamine n -oxide. 34 Our study showed that proliferation and infectivity of parasites were increased in urine-containing medium. Another study reported detection of intracellular metabolites of L. donovani by 1 H NMR spectroscopy, and that Leishmania parasites contained hydroxybutyrate, acetate, lactate, alanine, and succinate, which are also present in urine.…”