Gender Role Conflict Research 30 Years Later: An Evidence‐Based Diagnostic Schema to Assess Boys and Men in Counseling

O’Neil, James M.

doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00122.x

Cited by 74 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Examples of experienced gender role conflict would be a man who feels he is unable to express his emotions openly because doing so would be perceived as feminine, or a man who believes his place in the family is as the provider because he is a man and not because that is what he prefers. Over the past 30 years, the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS; O'Neil, 2008) was used to measure gender role conflict in heterosexual men of different ages, socioeconomic backgrounds, races, and ethnicities; however, only within the past 15 years has it been used to explore the concept of gender role conflict in gay men (O'Neil, 2008(O'Neil, , 2013. Similar to the aforementioned response to the lack of qualitative research on gender role attitudes and behavior, the quantitative studies outlined below call for further qualitative research to understand how the issue of gender role conflict impacts gay relationships.…”

Section: Gender Role Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Role Conflict, Role Division, and the Gay Relational Experience

Toubia¹

2014

Journal of Systemic Therapies

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In highlighting the gaps in the current research on gender role conflict and role division in gay relationships, this article will establish why more qualitative research is needed to broaden the research base regarding the experience of gay men in legalized gay relationships. It will begin by examining the efficacy and reliability of past research in the broader context of the recent legalization of gay relationships around the world. This article will then review current literature on gay relationships and analyze the issues of gender role conflict and role division, evaluating the quantitative research to date and suggesting areas for further research. Finally, it will conclude by providing a caveat to clinicians that, until further aforementioned research is conducted, the efficacy of therapeutic services to gay clients may be impacted.Amidst the sweeping progress of same-sex marriage rights throughout the United States over the past few years, there remains a dearth in the current literature on the experience of gay relationships that have finally achieved the stamp of legality. The majority of states in the U.S., as well as countries around the world, have legalized gay relationships in one form or another (Solomon, Rothblum, & Balsam, 2005). Furthermore, over the past 10 years, U.S. Census Bureau (2010) data show that there is an upward trend in the number of gay households in many parts of the country. Yet despite the increased visibility of gay relationships in the U.S., the complexities of gay relationships are not well understood because of the distinct lack of adequate research regarding the experience of individuals in gay relationships (Todosijevic, Rothblum, & Solomon, 2005). In the shadow of the dramatic increase recently in gay marriage due to landmark civil rights victories, this article will examine areas where research on legalized gay male relationships has been insufficient, as well as suggest issues of gender role conflict and role division as significant avenues of exploration of the gay relational experience going forward.Due to the recent legalization of gay relationships in many parts of the world, there have been only a few studies involving gay men in legally recognized relationships . Historically, one of the major reasons for a Address correspondence to Benjamin

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Section: Gender Role Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Role Conflict, Role Division, and the Gay Relational Experience

Toubia¹

2014

Journal of Systemic Therapies

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“…Many studies have demonstrated the costs of adhering to masculine norms for men's physical, emotional, and psychological health (Courtenay, 2000(Courtenay, , 2011Kilmartin, 2010;Kimmel, 2008;Land, Rochlen, & Vaughn, 2011;Lindley & Schwartz, 2006;O'Neil, 2008O'Neil, , 2013O'Neil, , 2014Smiler, 2013;Way, 2013). Some of the masculine standards and expectations that have been demonstrated to have negative consequences include antifemininity, homophobia, emotional restrictiveness, competitiveness, toughness, and aggressiveness (Pleck, 1995;Wade & Donis, 2007).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Men, masculinity, and breakups: Resisting the tyranny of “moving on”

Hartman

2017

Personal Relationships

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This article examines heterosexual men's experience of negotiating through hegemonic masculinity after a partner‐initiated breakup. The men in the study learned to navigate the relational demands of the norms of masculinity in a variety of ways, using strategies along a spectrum between resistance and accommodation. Many of the men described their breakup in terms not merely of one psychological trauma but of two: the acute personal psychic and emotional blow of the breakup, followed by the emerging realization that their social status as men had been undermined. This article finds that a majority of the men demonstrated some degree of resistance to socially imposed definitions of their subjective experience concerning what their breakup “should” mean to them.

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“…In his review of the literature, O'Neil (2013) found that gender role conflict significantly correlated with the following mental health-related difficulties across different cultural and racial groups; anxiety, depression, substance use/abuse, low self-esteem, low ego identity, high authoritarianism, negative personality styles, shame, and problems with coping skills.…”

Section: Masculinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may ultimately decrease opportunities for intimacy, promote burnout, and decrease self-care behaviors. Gender role constriction also involves forcing inflexible gender roles on others through forced conformity to feminine or masculine ideology, which can include emotional abuse, manipulation, criticism, and excessive control (O'Neil, 2013). O'Neil (2013) also described the constructs of gender role devaluation and gender violations.…”

Section: Masculinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is some empirical evidence demonstrating the impact that conformity to masculine norms has on men's behavior, socialization processes, mental health, and even their help-seeking behaviors (Chu, 2014;Nguyen et al, 2012;O'Neil, 2013;Reidy et al, 2009;Sierra Hernandez et al, 2014;Vogel et al, 2011;Yousaf et al, 2014). Whereas it appears most of these effects can be negative depending upon the rigidity of adherence, much of the literature on self-compassion seems to point to the opposite and provides evidence for the positive benefits of greater levels of self-compassion.…”

Section: Masculinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adherence to Masculine Norms and Perceived Paternal Nurturance as Predictors of SelfCompassion

Craig¹

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Previous researchers have examined the relationship between adherence to masculine norms and self-compassion as well as the impact of parental warmth on self-compassion. However, no study to date has specifically examined how perceptions of paternal nurturance and adherence to masculine norms impact levels of self-compassion in college-aged males. Furthermore, findings regarding the relationship between adherence to traditional gender roles and self-compassion have not been well established. The purpose of the current quantitative study was to ascertain whether greater adherence to traditional United States' masculine norms and levels of perceived paternal nurturance contribute to levels of self-compassion in college-aged males at West Virginia University. Data were collected via self-report measures in order to better understand whether the first two variables predicted levels of self-compassion. A hierarchical multiple regression was used to ascertain whether perceptions of paternal nurturance would explain a significant amount of variance in levels of self-compassion after controlling for adherence to masculine norms. Findings demonstrated that higher levels of adherence to masculine norms predicted lower levels of self-compassion and that higher levels of perceived paternal nurturance predicted lower levels of self-compassion. Overall, the hierarchical regression analysis showed that perceived paternal nurturance did explain a significant amount of variance in levels of selfcompassion while controlling for levels of adherence to masculine norms, though not in the direction initially hypothesized. The implications based upon the results and future directions for study are discussed.

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Gender Role Conflict Research 30 Years Later: An Evidence‐Based Diagnostic Schema to Assess Boys and Men in Counseling

Cited by 74 publications

References 12 publications

Gender Role Conflict, Role Division, and the Gay Relational Experience

Gender Role Conflict, Role Division, and the Gay Relational Experience

Men, masculinity, and breakups: Resisting the tyranny of “moving on”

Adherence to Masculine Norms and Perceived Paternal Nurturance as Predictors of SelfCompassion

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