Gender roles and social control

Do the experiential and deterrent effect operate differently across gender?

“…Although these findings could account for a small portion of the gender differences in crime, the differential risk perceptions were ultimately too small to account for the enormity of gender differences in criminal activity. Finley and Grasmick (1985) tested the hypothesis that gender differences in the perceived threats of shame, embarrassment, and legal sanctions were accounted for by the changing climate of gender roles and the rise of bnontraditionalQ females. They found that while nontraditional females did not significantly differ from males in perceived sanctions of shame and embarrassment, traditional females perceived higher certainty of shame and embarrassment than males.…”

Studying the reach of deterrence: Can deterrence theory help explain police misconduct?

“…Recently, scholars relaxed this strict dichotomy by integrating the role of at least several personal traits into deterrence theory (cf. Finley & Grasmick, 1985;Loewenstein, Nagin, & Paternoster, 1997;Nagin & Paternoster, 1994;Piquero & Tibbetts, 1996;Wright, Caspi, Moffitt, & Silva, 1999). Of these traits, few appear more closely linked to criminal and imprudent behavior than impulsivity (cf.…”

Gender differences in students’ rational decisions to cheat

“…However, recent studies of deviant behaviors (Finley and Grasmick 1985;Miller and Simpson 1991;Grasmick, Blackwell, and Bursik 1993b) have found significant gender differences in both levels and effects of key explanatory variables, especially variations regarding perceptions of situational circumstances (Liu and Kaplan 1996;Tibbetts and Herz 1996), such as formal and informal punishments. Men tend to report higher levels of (a) perceived pleasure in rule breaking (Novacek, Raskin, and Hogan 1991;Klein 1992;Tibbetts and Herz 1996), (b) using drugs to enhance social bonds with peers (Berkowitz and Perkins 1986;Liu and Kaplan 1996), and (c) past experiences of committing deviant acts (Lobel 1993).…”