Gender Socialization

Going Against the Flow: A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Cognitive Skills and Gender Beliefs on Occupational Aspirations and Outcomes1

“…Parents’ employment situations are likely to be important for two reasons. First, gender socialization theory argues that individuals learn what occupations are appropriate for their gender from their parents, peers, mass media, schools, religious institutions, and teachers (Stockard, 1999). Parents are often considered the most important agent of gender socialization because they are seen as providing many of the gendered messages about occupational plans to their children (Bandura, 1986; Bem, 1991).…”

Gender‐role Attitudes among Egyptian Adolescents

“…In light of the growing interest in adolescents' lives in developing countries, surprisingly little attention has been paid to gender-role attitudes among young people. In contrast with developed countries, where theorizing about gender socialization has been extensive both among psychologists and sociologists, and where a large empirical literature exists describing the development of gender identity and the acquisition of gender roles in childhood, the research in developing countries is sparse (Stockard 1999). Few large-scale data-collection efforts in developing countries have focused on adolescents at all, and, until very recently, those that have done so tend to be interested in so-called risky behaviors such as drugtaking or unprotected sex rather than in developmental processes (for example, see Morris 1994 and Raymundo Barbara S. Mensch is Senior Associate, Policy Research Division, Population Council, New York.…”

Conceptualizing the Field: Higher Education Research on the STEM Gender Gap

“…We focus on women in this volume and indeed in this chapter. Women in STEM fields tend to experience systematic and persistent biases and challenges (Hughes, ; Robnett, ); gender socialization and its associated stereotypes begin in infancy and continue through adulthood (Evans & Diekman, ; Šaras & Perez‐Felkner, ; Stockard, ). Yet, recent theoretical and empirical advancements in gender studies necessitate the following disclaimer.…”