Gender-Specific Aspects in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Gender differences in biological substrates of disease determine different clinical manifestations of CV disease with important implications for prevention, diagnosis and therapy in the two sexes. In women, the activity of sex hormones reduces the influence of CV risk factors during the reproductive age, and delays the onset of CHD of 2 decades compared to men. However, women as men suffer from CV events, and in women mortality from all CV causes and have greater than the sum of the others 7 causes of death together. Women are more likely than men to die of a first myocardial infarction a probability of developing heart failure or a second infarction than their male counterparts. The levels of lipid components vary in different ages of life and in the two genders. TC and LDL increase in men between 35 and 50 years of age. On the contrary LDL levels do not change significantly in fertile women in which they have a lower predictive value for CHD than in men, HDL levels are higher in premenopausal women than in men of the same age and their role in predicting CHD is considerably higher in women. High triglycerides and Lp(a) are more important as a risk factor in women than in men. Because of the greater incidence of cardiovascular diseases in men until the early 80s, the information about the importance of risk factors associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events has been gathered mainly in men and transferred to women. Most studies on lipid-lowering therapy did not have the adequate statistical power to show significant reductions in CV events in women. Regarding the indications for use of statins in daily practice, current data suggest that in secondary prevention statins are equally effective in both genders while in primary prevention the CV benefits of lipid-lowering therapy in women are less clear than in men and therefore should be used according to the degree of risk calculated from the available score systems.

Gender-Based Differences in Cardiac Remodeling and ILK Expression after Myocardial Infarction

“…It is well known that premenopausal women are less likely to develop coronary heart disease than men of the same age and that heart failure appears to be less common and less severe in premenopausal women than in men 1 . Although previous studies have shown post-MI gender differences in LV remodeling, the data are inconclusive.…”

“…It is well established that premenopausal women have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease than men of the same age 1 . However, there are conflicting data about gender differences with regard to the adaptive response of the heart during the development of heart failure after myocardial infarction (MI).…”

Age- and Gender-Normalized Coronary Incidence and Mortality Risks in Primary and Secondary Prevention

“…2). However, women are more likely than men to die of a first myocardial infarction [34]. The levels of lipid components vary in different ages of life and in the two genders.…”

“…For women with evidence of ischemia but non-obstructive CAD, antianginal and anti-ischemic therapies can improve symptoms, endothelial function, and quality of life; however, there is a great need of trials evaluating impact on adverse outcomes [23] although extremely large numbers are to be accrued for benefits around 10% [5] which demands for large multicentric cooperation in times of budget restrictions. Continued research is indicated to devise therapeutic regimens to improve symptom burden and reduce risk in women with ischemic heart disease and certainly both more conventional and unconventional strategies might deserve attention [29-34]. …”

Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei chronischem Pruritus

“…In den letzten Jahren richtete sich das Augenmerk der biomedizinischen, präklini-schen und klinischen Forschung zunehmend auf geschlechtsspezifi sche Unterschiede (Mercuro et al 2010;Mercuro et al 2011;Picci et al 2012). Hier steht allerdings in erster Linie das biologische Geschlecht (Mann, Frau) im Vordergrund, weniger das soziale Geschlecht, also die soziokulturellen Rollen, die zusätzlich durch Faktoren wie ethnische Zugehörigkeit und Kultur sowie die soziale Schicht beeinfl usst werden (im Englischen "Gender").…”