Gender-Specific Associations between Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in the Korean Population: Findings from the 2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Cho, Kyoung Im; Kim, Bo Hyun; Je, Hyung Gon; Jang, Jum Suk; Park, Yong Hyun

doi:10.1155/2016/3973197

Cited by 27 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In female samples, five studies reported that the OR decreased after controlling for covariates, while two studies reported a similar OR after controlling for covariates . However, in male samples, this pattern was not found since four studies reported an increased OR, while four studies reported a decreased OR . This finding suggests that behavioral factors might be the mediators in the stress‐metabolism relationship and sex might be a moderator in this mediation relationship.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…We identified 15 studies, which included behavioral factors as covariates and also reported the effect sizes with and without adjusting for covariates . In female samples, five studies reported that the OR decreased after controlling for covariates, while two studies reported a similar OR after controlling for covariates . However, in male samples, this pattern was not found since four studies reported an increased OR, while four studies reported a decreased OR .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association between psychological stress and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2019

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Literature suggests that occupational stress is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome; yet less is known whether other sources of stress have similar effects. This review aims to examine whether the relationship between psychological stress and metabolic syndrome differs by sources of stress. Three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL) were searched for eligible articles; metaanalyses were conducted using the random effects model. After controlling for covariates, adults in the high-stress groups had 45% higher chance of having metabolic syndrome than adults in the low-stress groups (odds ratio [OR] = 1.450; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.211-1.735; P < .001). The subsequent meta-analysis based on cross-sectional studies suggested that occupational stress showed the strongest effect (OR = 1.692; 95% CI, 1.182-2.424; P = .004), while perceived general stress showed the weakest effect (OR = 1.217; 95% CI, 1.017-1.457; P = .032).Unfortunately, there is a lack of longitudinal studies for subsequent meta-analysis based on sources of stress. There is a need for continued research to examine the long-term relationship between different sources of stress and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Traditional recommendations for preventing metabolic syndrome (eg, low-fat diet and exercise) may not achieve the best outcome if clinicians overlook patients' psychosocial stress. KEYWORDS metabolic syndrome, occupational stress, perceived stress, psychological stress 1 | INTRODUCTION About 30% of adults have metabolic syndrome worldwide. 1,2 The economic burden of metabolic syndrome is substantial. For instance, the annual medical costs for Americans with metabolic syndrome are 60% higher than those without metabolic syndrome. [3][4][5] The development of metabolic syndrome is a multifaceted continuum of metabolic dysregulation, including hyperglycemia, hypertension, visceral adiposity, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. 6 Psychological stress has been linked to metabolic syndrome for decades, but its underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood.Allostasis refers to a normal physiological process where the brain activates the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes and stimulates adrenal glands to release stress hormones (eg, corticosteroids) and catecholamine (eg, epinephrine and norepinephrine) to combat against stressful environmental demands. 7 According to the allostatic load framework (ALF), the repeated cycles of activation and deactivation of allostasis over time, or a failure to disengage the stress response during and after each stressful life demand, could alter adults' diurnal cortisol rhythm and decrease the capacity of glucocorticoids to suppress endotoxin-stimulated cytokine production, resulting in a

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between psychological stress and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2019

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“…With ongoing research on the risk factors for metabolic syndrome, accumulated knowledge on metabolic syndrome risk factors is still a necessity. Most previous studies only investigated differences according to sex or restricted their investigation to the elderly population only [ 15 , 16 ]. As such, when determining the risk factors for metabolic syndrome, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the influence of sex and age; thus, national policies for metabolic syndrome management may be more specific.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome in the Korean Population

2020

IJERPH

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With an increase in the obese population, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing in Korea. This study aimed to identify sex- and age-specific risk factors for metabolic syndrome. A secondary data analysis was performed using the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. Participants comprised 6144 adults aged 20–79 years. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was high in the middle- and old-aged men (31.9% and 34.5%, respectively) and in old-aged women (39.1%). Risk factors for metabolic syndrome showed different patterns for men and women. In men, alcohol drinking was identified as the main risk factor for hypertension (odds ratio (OR); young = 3.3 vs. middle age = 2.0), high triglycerides (young = 2.4 vs. middle age = 2.2), and high fasting blood sugar (middle age = 1.6). In women, the main risk factors were household income and education level, showing different patterns in different age groups. In conclusion, the vulnerable groups at high risk of metabolic syndrome are those of middle-aged men and women. The pattern of risk factors is sex-specific.

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“…The current evidence shows that MetS is more prevalent among the low-income groups in HICs (9,11,25,26). However, in LMICs, there is positive association between MetS and SES (19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

The Associations Between Socio-economic Status and Metabolic Syndrome Among General Population in Nanjing, China: a Cross-sectional Study

Ye¹,

Li²,

Pan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundWe aim to investigate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among general population in Nanjing, China.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 among adults aged 18 years or older in Nanjing, China. Participants were selected using multistage sampling approach. Diagnosed MetS was the outcome variable. Education and monthly family average income (FAI) was used to separately indicate SES. Mixed-effects models were used to calculate the association between SES and MetS.ResultsThe prevalence of MetS was 19.7% (95%CI=19.0%, 20.4%) among overall sample population. After controlling for covariates, educational attainment was negatively associated with MetS prevalence in women. As for men, the most well-educated subjects were at the lowest risk (OR=0.72, 95%CI=0.57, 0.92) of having MetS compared to the least educated subjects. Relative to those who from lower FAI sub-group, participants from upper tertile were less likely to have MetS for both genders (OR=0.73, 95%CI=0.617, 0.87; OR=0.85, 95%CI=0.73, 0.99). Among all participants, higher education level predicted lower waist circumference, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting glucose concentration. Higher FAI was associated with lower waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in women, and with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men.ConclusionsEducation and family average income each was inversely related to MetS and its components prevalence in Nanjing, China in 2017. It has important public health implications that the tailored prevention strategies should be implemented for people with different socioeconomic status.

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Gender-Specific Associations between Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in the Korean Population: Findings from the 2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

The association between psychological stress and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

The association between psychological stress and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Sex Differences in Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome in the Korean Population

The Associations Between Socio-economic Status and Metabolic Syndrome Among General Population in Nanjing, China: a Cross-sectional Study

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