“…These findings are consistent with previous studies showing that blood-based biomarkers of inflammation and insulin resistance are related to positive affect/happiness (Matsunaga et al, 2011;Steptoe et al, 2008), well-being (Boehm & Kubzansky, 2012;Osama & Shehab Ael, 2015;Phillips & Perry, 2015;Steptoe et al, 2012), optimism (Ikeda et al, 2011;Roy et al, 2010), psychological resilience or 'hardiness' (Fields, Hoyt, Linnville, & Moore, 2015;Sandvik et al, 2013), and perceived stress (Aschbacher et al, 2013;BarbosaÀLeiker et al, 2014;Shimanoe et al, 2014). Although longitudinal research is needed, our findings suggest the possibility that resilience, optimism, happiness, and low perceived stress might serve as protective factors against insulin resistance and inflammation and their associated negative health outcomes in both schizophrenia and HCs.…”