Gender Stereotypes, Occupational Roles, and Beliefs About Part-Time Employees

Eagly, Alice H.; Steffen, Valerie J.

doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1986.tb00751.x

Cited by 96 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In contrast, an experiment by Bridges, Etaugh, and Barnes-Farrell (2002) The present research is therefore designed to investigate whether the tendency of social role information to reduce gender stereotyping can be accounted for by judges' shift to within-sex standards in the presence of role information. As in previous studies (e.g., Eagly & Steffen, 1984, 1986, participants rated male and female targets described as full-time employees or homemakers or without role information. However, in contrast to these earlier studies, participants responded on subjective measures or on common rule measures.…”

Section: Research Question and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communion and agency judgments of women and men as a function of role information and response format

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Sczesny

Eagly

2008

Euro J Social Psych

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In past research, the presentation of men and women in the same social role has eliminated gender stereotypical ratings of greater agency and lesser communion in men compared with women. The social‐role interpretation of such findings is challenged from the shifting‐standards perspective, which suggests that the application of within‐sex judgmental standards to men and women in roles may have masked underlying gender stereotypes. To clarify this issue, 256 participants judged an average man or woman portrayed as an employee, homemaker, or without role information on agentic and communal traits. These judgments were given on subjective scales that were vulnerable to shifting standards (trait ratings) or on common rule measures that restrain shifting standards (estimates of test scores). As predicted from the shifting‐standards perspective, judgments of greater agency in men than women disappeared in the presence of role information only on the subjective scales, which enabled shifts to within‐sex standards. As predicted from the social‐role perspective, judgments of greater communion in women than men disappeared in the presence of the homemaker role on both the subjective and common rule measures. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding judgments of role occupants' agency and communion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Research Question and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communion and agency judgments of women and men as a function of role information and response format

Bosak

Sczesny

Eagly

2008

Euro J Social Psych

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“…In the 1980s, it was becoming clear that a distinction between quantity and quality of aggression was necessary for the understanding of sex differences in aggression (Eagly & Steffen, 1986;Hyde 1984). Following this development, in the 1990s, researchers in the field realised that physical forms of aggression until then had been overemphasised on behalf of other forms typical of females, like e.g.…”

Section: Trends In Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Victimization from Low Intensity Intimate Partner Aggression in South Sudan

Ndoromo¹,

Österman²,

Björkqvist³

2022

Humanities Today: Proceedings

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The aim of the study was to investigate sex differences in victimisation from low intensity forms of intimate partner aggression in South Sudan. A questionnaire was filled in by 420 respondents (302 females and 118 males) in two cities in South Sudan. The mean age was 22.5 years (SD 8.4) for women and 25.6 years (SD 7.8). Victimisation from intimate partner aggression was measured with the Victim Version of the Direct Indirect Aggression Scales (DIAS-Adult; Österman & Björkqvist, 2009) which includes six scales measuring verbal and nonverbal aggression, direct and indirect aggressive social manipulation, cyber aggression, and economic aggression. The results showed that males had been significantly more victimised from physical and verbal aggression than females. A tendency was also found for males to be more victimised from nonverbal aggression and direct aggressive social manipulation. No sex differences were found regarding victimisation from indirect aggressive social manipulation, cyber aggression, or economic aggression. Males had significantly more often been bit, hit, had their belongings damaged, scratched, spit at, and shoved by their female partner. Males had also been significantly more often subjected to quarrels, to being told nasty or hurtful words, and to being yelled at by their female partner. No sex difference was found for being interrupted when talking, been called bad names, or having been angrily nagged at by their partner. For females, age correlated positively with victimisation, while for males, the correlations were mostly negative. As far as more severe forms of violence are concerned, males have generally been found to be more aggressive against their partner than vice versa; the impact of male aggression has also usually been found to be more severe. The fact that males in domestic settings are also victimised by their spouses, although to less severe forms of aggression, has received much less attention.

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“…Twenty-five percent of the groups in this theme were mostly male, fifty percent were mostly female, and twenty-five percent contained one male and one female. This too was expected because women are socialized to be more nurturing and compassionate than men [13].…”

Section: Themesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Consciousness in Engineering Students: An Analysis of Freshmen Design Project Abstracts

Rucks¹,

Orr²,

Hall³

2016 ASEE Annual Conference &Amp; Exposition Proceedings

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This research paper explores the motivations behind freshmen engineering projects, particularly as they vary by gender composition of the team. All freshmen in the engineering program at Louisiana Tech University must take and pass Engineering Problem Solving III, an engineering design class, before moving on to sophomore engineering classes. Students are instructed to team up in groups of two to five to design and construct a "smart product" using the knowledge gained from their previous Engineering Problem Solving I and II classes. At the end of the quarter, each team must submit a project abstract before presenting their work at the Freshmen Design Expo. This qualitative study looks at these abstracts in an attempt to find a pattern between the gender composition of the group and the motivation behind the product. Eighty-one project abstracts are analyzed, representing 227 students. Several distinct themes emerged from the analysis of the project abstracts. The most common themes were Annoying and Frustrating, Efficiency and Time Saving, Safety, Elderly and Disabled, Health and Sanitation, Forgetfulness, and Children. Analysis of how these themes map to gender composition of design teams is ongoing. These themes will help to understand how students view the impact that they can have as future engineers. Redesigning curricula and analyzing recruitment techniques to encompass particular themes may help to attract and retain more students in engineering. In this study, groups that had an equal number of males and females were more likely to design a socially conscious project than groups that were mostly male or mostly female. IntroductionFreshmen engineering students at Louisiana Tech University take a series of three engineering problem solving courses as part of the Living with the Lab experience [1]. The third course culminates in an open-ended design project. Students spend about five weeks selecting, designing, and building a "smart" product. Throughout the first year, these students have implemented a variety of sensors and actuators using an Arduino microcontroller. Their smart product must sense something about its environment and respond or report based on this input. Students self-select their teams of two to five members (honors sections typically use teams of two). They are guided through brainstorming, production of multiple prototypes, and discussions with instructors and fellow classmates. Their final product is presented to a panel of judges at the Freshmen Design Expo. Before the Expo, student teams are required to submit a brief project description that is distributed to judges and guests. These descriptions are analyzed in this study to identify underlying motivations.

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Gender Stereotypes, Occupational Roles, and Beliefs About Part-Time Employees

Cited by 96 publications

References 6 publications

Communion and agency judgments of women and men as a function of role information and response format

Communion and agency judgments of women and men as a function of role information and response format

Sex Differences in Victimization from Low Intensity Intimate Partner Aggression in South Sudan

Social Consciousness in Engineering Students: An Analysis of Freshmen Design Project Abstracts

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