Gender, stress, and health.

Abstract

Gender differences in overall tobacco use clearly exist. In general, men are more likely to use tobacco products than are women. However, this simple generalization, ignoring type of tobacco products, time, and culture, masks many more interesting gender differences in tobacco use. There are pronounced gender differences in tobacco use of specific tobacco products within some cultures but not others. Yet these differences have changed across time, including narrowing and widening of this gender gap, depending on culture and tobacco product. This article addresses these issues and presents possible psychosocial, biological, and psychobiological explanations for these phenomena. In addition, the implications of these differences and ways to learn more about these important differences are discussed.

Gender Differences in Sarcoidosis: Symptoms, Quality of Life, and Medical Consumption

“…Studying gender differences should facilitate discovery of ways to avoid and treat current and future health problems (cf. Baum & Grunberg, 1991).…”

Adopting, manipulating, transforming: Tactics used by gender practitioners in South African NGOs to translate international gender policies into local practice

“…It does this through a study of practitioners tasked with implementing gender policy in foreign-funded non-governmental health organisations (health NGOs) in South Africa. In global health, scholars have long recognised the need to address the way in which gender inequality contributes to poor health outcomes, including a higher prevalence of HIV/AIDS, intimate partner violence, maternal mortality, stress, help-seeking behaviour, and the burden of care on women (Baum & Grunberg, 1991;Connell, 2011;Dowsett, 2003;Doyal, 2001;Dunkle & Jewkes, 2007;Jewkes, 2002). This has led to a plethora of gender policies aimed at addressing health objectives by international NGOs and multilateral donors.…”

Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health

“…Women have lower rates of mortality but, paradoxically, report higher levels of depression, psychiatric disorders, distress, and a variety of chronic illnesses than men (Baum & Grunberg, 1991;McDonough & Walters, 2001;Verbrugge, 1985). However, the example, weight gain, high blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis, stress, and early mortality.…”