Gender variations in access, choice to use and cleaning of shared latrines; experiences from Kampala Slums, Uganda

Kwiringira, Japheth; Atekyereza, Peter; Niwagaba, Charles; Günther, Isabel

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1180

Cited by 61 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The minimal disposal of other wastes in pit latrines could be due to the users being conscious of high filling rates of their latrines. Further, while disposal of sanitary wastes like baby diapers and menstrual pads in pit latrines was mentioned, earlier studies have shown that menstrual hygiene in slum is mainly by re-usable material owing to the expenses involved in buying pads (Kwiringira, Atekyereza, Niwagaba, & Günther, 2014b). Therefore, other factors rather than external waste streams account for the poor performance of pit latrines in the studied slums.…”

Section: Status Of Pit Latrine Structuresmentioning

confidence: 87%

Performance of pit latrines in urban poor areas: A case of Kampala, Uganda

Nakagiri

Kulabako

Nyenje

et al. 2015

Habitat International

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a b s t r a c tIn many urban poor areas of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), demand for human excreta disposal is met, predominantly by pit latrines. This study aimed at determining the status of pit latrines (design, construction, operation and maintenance) and its influence on latrine performance (filling, smell and insect nuisance). The study was conducted on 130 pit latrines in typical urban poor areas of Kampala, Uganda. Data on design, construction, usage, operation and performance of the pit latrines was collected by interviews, observations and measurements; and analysed by descriptive statistics, bi-variate analysis and logistic regression. Results showed that the level of pit content was predicted by rain or storm water entry, terrain, cleaning before or after use and number of households using the latrine. Smell was predicted by cleanliness, stance length, superstructure material and whether the latrine was private or public. The predictor of presence of flies was the superstructure material. To improve the performance of pit latrines in urban poor areas, researchers and practitioners should develop local latrine design standards (dimensions, construction materials and number of users) and cleaning guidelines for local policy makers to implement.

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Section: Status Of Pit Latrine Structuresmentioning

confidence: 87%

Performance of pit latrines in urban poor areas: A case of Kampala, Uganda

Nakagiri

Kulabako

Nyenje

et al. 2015

Habitat International

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, a school-based latrine cleanliness intervention did not increase latrine use among pupils (an outcome not included in other latrine cleanliness studies), despite an increase in cleaner latrines. 55 On the other hand, several latrine cleanliness interventions have shown evidence of cleaner latrines, [56][57][58][59] and latrine coverage interventions cite cleaner latrines as being used more often. 32 Cleaning behavior, like latrine use, is complex and influenced by a host of factors, such as, psychosocial factors, 60 commitment to cleaning, 57 seasonality, 59 and the physical structure of the latrine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…56 Most often, women are regulated to cleaning tasks. 58 Thus, cleaning programs that target community power structures may play a role in ultimately changing latrine use behavior as well. Unfortunately, there are few examples of this in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Latrine Use Behavior: The Psychosocial Proxies of Individual-Level Defecation Practices in Rural Coastal Ecuador

Lopez

Berrocal

Angulo

et al. 2019

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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There is increasing appreciation that latrine access does not imply use-many individuals who own latrines do not consistently use them. Little is known, however, about the determinants of latrine use, particularly among those with variable defecation behaviors. Using the integrated behavior model of water, sanitation, and hygiene framework, we sought to characterize determinants of latrine use in rural Ecuador. We interviewed 197 adults living in three communities with a survey consisting of 70 psychosocial defecation-related questions. Questions were excluded from analysis if responses lacked variability or at least 10% of respondents did not provide a definitive answer. All interviewed individuals had access to a privately owned or shared latrine. We then applied adaptive elastic nets (ENET) and supervised principal component analysis (SPCA) to a reduced dataset of 45 questions among 154 individuals with complete data to select determinants that predict self-reported latrine use. Latrine use was common, but not universal, in the sample (76%). The SPCA model identified six determinants and adaptive ENET selected five determinants. Three indicators were represented in both models-latrine users were more likely to report that their latrine is clean enough to use and also more likely to report daily latrine use; while those reporting that elderly men were not latrine users were less likely to use latrines themselves. Our findings suggest that social norms are important predictors of latrine use, whereas knowledge of the health benefits of sanitation may not be as important. These determinants are informative for promotion of latrine adoption.

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“…In addition, they volunteered to clean sanitation facilities because they had young children who would be exposed to the risk of disease. Women have often been responsible for sanitation, including cleaning, also reported among users of shared facilities in Uganda [65] and India [60]. However, when users depend on actions of specific individuals and do not put in their own effort, it is possible that such beneficial actions of specific individuals may stop when circumstances change e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of quality of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements: case study of Kisumu, Kenya

et al. 2017

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BackgroundShared facilities are not recognised as improved sanitation due to challenges of maintenance as they easily can be avenues for the spread of diseases. Thus there is need to evaluate the quality of shared facilities, especially in informal settlements, where they are commonly used. A shared facility can be equated to a common good whose management depends on the users. If users do not work collectively towards keeping the facility clean, it is likely that the quality may depreciate due to lack of maintenance. This study examined the quality of shared sanitation facilities and used the common pool resource (CPR) management principles to examine the determinants of shared sanitation quality in the informal settlements of Kisumu, Kenya.MethodsUsing a multiple case study design, the study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods. In both phases, users of shared sanitation facilities were interviewed, while shared sanitation facilities were inspected. Shared sanitation quality was a score which was the dependent variable in a regression analysis. Interviews during the qualitative stage were aimed at understanding management practices of shared sanitation users. Qualitative data was analysed thematically by following the CPR principles.ResultsShared facilities, most of which were dirty, were shared by an average of eight households, and their quality decreased with an increase in the number of households sharing. The effect of numbers on quality is explained by behaviour reflected in the CPR principles, as it was easier to define boundaries of shared facilities when there were fewer users who cooperated towards improving their shared sanitation facility. Other factors, such as defined management systems, cooperation, collective decision making, and social norms, also played a role in influencing the behaviour of users towards keeping shared facilities clean and functional.ConclusionApart from hardware factors, quality of shared sanitation is largely due to group behaviour of users. The CPR principles form a crucial lens through which the dynamics of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements can be understood. Development and policy efforts should incorporate group behaviour as they determine the quality of shared sanitation facilities.

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Gender variations in access, choice to use and cleaning of shared latrines; experiences from Kampala Slums, Uganda

Cited by 61 publications

References 31 publications

Performance of pit latrines in urban poor areas: A case of Kampala, Uganda

Performance of pit latrines in urban poor areas: A case of Kampala, Uganda

Determinants of Latrine Use Behavior: The Psychosocial Proxies of Individual-Level Defecation Practices in Rural Coastal Ecuador

Determinants of quality of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements: case study of Kisumu, Kenya

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