Gender wage discrimination at quantiles

Gardeazábal, Javier; Ugidos, Arantza

doi:10.1007/s00148-003-0172-z

Cited by 113 publications

(93 citation statements)

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“…This finding is interpreted as a glass ceiling effect which prevents women from reaching high wages and top positions. Very similar conclusions have been evidenced in many European countries (Arulampalam et alii, 2004, Gardeazabal andUgidos, 2005). While there is a consensus on the fact that men outearn women, measuring the gender wage gap across the wage distribution is far from being straightforward.…”

Section: / Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…In Denmark, the wage gap exhibits an insignificant narrowing at the bottom of the wage distribution, then a small and significant increase at the mean, finally a large and significant rise at the top (Datta Gupta et alii, 2006). In Spain, gender wage differences increase with the quantile index, the gap reaching a maximum at the ninth decile (Gardeazabal and Ugidos, 2005). However, it is strongly affected by education (De la Rica et alii, 2005) 1 .…”

Section: / Gender Wage Gap and Glass Ceiling Effect: A Brief Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is There a Glass Ceiling in Morocco? Evidence from Matched Worker-Firm Data

Nordman

Wolff

2009

Journal of African Economies

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According to the glass ceiling hypothesis evidenced in developed countries, there exist larger gender pay gaps at the upper tail of the wage distribution. In this paper, we investigate the relevance of a glass ceiling effect in Morocco. Our empirical analysis is based on a matched worker-firm data set of more than 8000 employees and 850 employers. We estimate quantile earnings regressions which account for firm fixed effects and perform a quantile decomposition. We also propose an estimation of the within-firm gender earnings gap using information on the firms' characteristics. Our results show that the gender earnings gap is much higher at the top of the distribution than at the bottom in Morocco. Controlling for firm fixed effects is important. Contrary to European countries, the gender gap is not reduced when capturing the firm effects on earnings differentials. Furthermore, it widens significantly in the upper tail of the earnings distribution, thereby reinforcing the presence of the glass ceiling phenomenon. Our results also suggest that the glass ceiling effect may be reinforced over time in Morocco, as high wage male workers benefit from higher earnings growth than women.JEL Classification: J24, J31, O12

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Section: / Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: / Gender Wage Gap and Glass Ceiling Effect: A Brief Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is There a Glass Ceiling in Morocco? Evidence from Matched Worker-Firm Data

Nordman

Wolff

2009

Journal of African Economies

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“…Examining gender wage discrimination in Spain Gardeazabal and Ugidos (2005) find that it is not constant across the quantiles of the wage distribution in 1995, and that the highest level of gender wage discrimination is observed at the bottom of the wage distribution. In another quantile study on gender wage gaps by education, de la Rica et al (2005) find that the wage gap in Spain increases along the wage distribution of men and women with tertiary education, in accordance with the conventional glass ceiling hypothesis.…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 94%

The gender gap reloaded: Are school characteristics linked to labor market performance?

Konstantopoulos¹,

Constant²

2008

Social Science Research

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may AbstractThis study examines the wage gender gap of young adults in the 1970s, 1980s, and 2000 in the US. Using quantile regression we estimate the gender gap across the entire wage distribution. We also study the importance of high school characteristics in predicting future labor market performance. We conduct analyses for three major racial/ethnic groups in the US: Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics, employing data from two rich longitudinal studies: NLS and NELS. Our results indicate that while some school characteristics are positive and significant predictors of future wages for Whites, they are less so for the two minority groups. We find significant wage gender disparities favoring men across all three surveys in the 1970s, 1980s, and 2000. The wage gender gap is more pronounced in higher paid jobs (90 th quantile) for all groups, indicating the presence of a persistent and alarming "glass ceiling."JEL Codes: J16, J24, J31Keywords: wages, gender differences, school effects, quantile regression. 2The existence of gender differences in labor market outcomes, such as wages, has gained ample attention in economics and the social sciences. Gender differences in wages have been researched and documented, and frequently debated in the literature. It is an established fact that males earn substantially higher wages than females. There is some empirical evidence, however, that while the gender gap is decreasing over time due to women's increased labor force participation and experience, it remains strong across the entire wage distribution.The quality of the empirical evidence on gender differences in wages has not always been very strong for two main reasons. First, typically, the samples of various studies on gender differences in wages are not representative of a well-defined population. Many studies have used convenient samples, and it is plausible that the results obtained from such selected samples are biased (positively or negatively), and hence very different from their "true" population parameters. Second, various previous studies on gender differences in wages have typically examined and reported group differences in means (the central tendency of the distribution of wages). Gender differences in the extremes (e.g., upper and lower tails) of the wage distribution are only recently documented in the literature. Since it is likely that gender differences in the tails of the wage distribution may be different quali...

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“…Regarding previous works on migrants for the Spanish case, although the gender wage gap in this country has also been studied both from a national perspective (De la Rica and Ugidos, 1995;García et al, 2001;Gardeazábal and Ugidos, 2005;De la Rica et al, 2008) and from a comparative approach (Arulampalam et al, 2007;Gradín et al, 2010), labour market outcomes of migrant women in Spain had not received any particular attention from researchers, who usually focused their interest on the overall foreign-born population 3 . Recent examples of research on wage differentials and immigration, like the papers of Simón et al (2008), Canal-Domínguez and Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, or Antón et al (2010a and2010b), though documenting the issue of the earnings gap between migrants and natives not explained by human capital endowments, do not address the possibility of a double negative effect on female migrants' outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%