Gender wage gap in Vietnam: 1993 to 1998

Glass ceiling or sticky floor? Examining the gender earnings differential across the earnings distribution in urban China, 1987–2004

“…For both men and women, the employment rates of primary working age groups (aged 20-50) declined in 2004. In addition, the employment gap between younger men and women widened by 2004. In 1987and 1996, the employment rate of women closely followed that of men from age 16 to 40, whereas in 2004, a gender employment gap appeared from as early as age 30.…”

“…Arulampalam et al (2007) examined data from eleven European countries during the period 1995-2001, and found that the glass ceiling effect dominated in most of those countries. Only in a few countries did the sticky floor effect 1 Representative studies are: Glinskaya and Mroz (2000), Adamchik and Bedi (2003), Jolliffe (2002), Jolliffe and Campos (2005), Hunt (2002), Reilly (1999), Pham and Reilly (2006), Liu (2004). 2 As in many other countries, gender discrimination is prohibited in China.…”

Gender equity and globalization: macroeconomic policy for developing countries

“…Liu (2004), for example, finds that while the ratio of female to male wages rose from 77% in 1993 to 82% in 1998, the entire remaining wage gap between men and women is explained by discrimination.…”

Discovering sources of inequality in transition economies: a case study of rural Vietnam

“…While the increasing rural urban divide (Litchfield and Justino 2003) and the transformation of labour markets (Liu 2004) received a lot of attention, only few contributions explicitly tried to interpret the stability in rural inequality during 1990s (Benjamin and Brandt 2004;Liu 2001). In particular, little attention was given to the relation among reforms (land reform, market liberalisation), government intervention (infrastructures provision and incentives to disadvantaged areas) and income distribution in rural areas.…”