Gender with marital status, cultural differences, and vulnerability to hypertension: Findings from the national survey for noncommunicable disease risk factors and mental health using WHO STEPS in Bhutan

Segawa, Hiromi; Uematsu, Hironori; Dorji, Nidup; Wangdi, Ugyen; Dorjee, Chencho; Yangchen, Pemba; Kunisawa, Susumu; Sakamoto, Ryota; Imanaka, Yuichi

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256811

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Furthermore, the associations of education and marital status with NCDs were similar to past studies showing that lower levels of education and being divorced, separated or widowed increased the odds of having NCDs in comparison to uneducated and never married women [ 52 , 53 ]. Factors such as hormonal changes in reproductive cycle, chronic stress, women’s sociocultural vulnerability and marital relationship satisfaction might have influenced the observed association of marital status with NCD prevalence [ 54 , 55 ]. Future research is necessary to confirm this association and explore the underlying mechanisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between tobacco use, alcohol consumption and non-communicable diseases among women in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey-2015-16

et al. 2022

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Background Based on an increased prevalence of diabetes, asthma and hypertension among women in reproductive age, understanding the risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is crucial to inform policy and program interventions to address the problem. In this study, we empirically assessed the associations of behavioural factors such as alcohol consumption and tobacco use and a variety of socioeconomic characteristics with prevalence of NCDs in adult women. Methods The data were derived from the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–16. The effective sample size for the present paper was 699,686 women aged 15–49 years in India. Descriptive statistics along with bivariate analysis were conducted to find the preliminary results. Additionally, multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to find the relationship between NCDs and behavioural factors such as alcohol consumption and tobacco use. Moreover, population attributable risk was estimated in the present study. Results It was revealed that 15.9% of women had any of the NCDs. A proportion of 0.8% of women smoked tobacco whereas 5.5% of women consumed smokeless tobacco. Also, a proportion of 1.2% of women consumed alcohol in the current study. The odds of having NCDs among women who smoked tobacco, consumed smokeless tobacco and consume alcohol were 16, 8 and 20% significantly higher than the odds of having NCDs among women who did not smoke tobacco, consume smokeless tobacco and consume alcohol respectively. The population attributable risk of having NCDs was 1.8% (p < 0.001) for women who smoked, 0.8% (p < 0.001) for women who consumed smokeless tobacco and 2.2% (p < 0.001) for women who consumed alcohol. Besides, the odds of having NCDs among overweight and obese women were 2.25 and 3.60 times greater than the odds of having NCDs among women who were underweight. Conclusion The findings revealed that smoking and using smokeless tobacco and alcohol consumption were risk factors of NCDs in women. The findings also alarm the focus of maternal and child health programs on NCDs’ risk factors like maternal obesity, due to their adverse health consequences on their children too. Also, the coexistence of higher levels of tobacco use and alcohol consumption requires different strategies to address the vulnerability of women towards NCDs, including screening and early detection of NCDs especially among those who smoke or chew tobacco and consume alcohol.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between tobacco use, alcohol consumption and non-communicable diseases among women in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey-2015-16

et al. 2022

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“…Single male have a higher risk of hypertension than married male, and unmarried female have a lower risk of hypertension than married female; thus, health status differs according to marital status and sex [ 6 ]. The prevalence of hypertension was higher in married female or female who were separated, divorced or widowed than in female living together with their spouses, and the prevalence of hypertension differed according to marital status and sex [ 8 ]. Economic difficulties and low SES, as well as divorce or a deceased spouse, were important risk factors for hypertension in female [ 5 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study on the effect of male marital status on hypertension, unmarried male had a high risk of hypertension [ 6 , 9 ]. A study on the effect of female’s marital status on hypertension found that separation, divorce, and a deceased spouse affected hypertension in female [ 8 ]. In some studies, divorced female had a higher risk of hypertension [ 6 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, studies on the relationship between income level and hypertension [13,19,20,23] and the relationship between marital status and hypertension [5][6][7][8][9] are being conducted. In this study, the risk of hypertension was found to be higher in the low-income group, and the effect was stronger in male.…”

Section: Income Level and Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…are well-known risk factors associated with hypertension [5]. Marital status was an important risk factor for hypertension in previous studies, and the results of studies on the relationship between marital status and hypertension were not consistent [6][7][8][9]. In studies such as that of Defianna et al [5], socioeconomic factors and sex differences in marital status were observed to affect hypertension risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Effects of Marital Status and Income on Hypertension: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)

Son¹,

Heo²,

Hyun³

et al. 2022

J Prev Med Public Health

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Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the associations of income, marital status, and health behaviors with hypertension in male and female over 40 years of age in the Korea.Methods: The data were derived from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES; 4851-302) which included 211 576 participants. To analyze the relationships of income, marital status, and health behaviors with hypertension in male and female over 40 years of age, multiple logistic regression was conducted with adjustments for these variables.Results: The prevalence of hypertension increased linearly as income decreased. The odds ratio for developing hypertension in people with an income of <0.5 million Korean won (KRW) compared to ≥6.0 million KRW was 1.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25 to 1.93) in the total population, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.27 to 1.98) in male, and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.35 to 3.28) in female. The combined effect of income level and marital status on hypertension was significant. According to income level and marital status, in male, low income and divorce were most associated with hypertension (1.76 times; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.08). However, in female, the low-income, married group was most associated with hypertension (1.83 times; 95% CI, 1.71 to 1.97).Conclusions: The results of this study show that it is necessary to approach male and female marital status separately according to income in health policies to address inequalities in the prevalence of hypertension.

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Assessing body mass index stages, individual diabetes and hypertension history effects on the risk of developing hypertension among Ghanaians: A cross‐sectional study

Iddrisu,

Adam

2023

Health Science Reports

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Background and AimsThis study aimed to understand the relationship between body mass index (BMI), diabetes and hypertension history, and other risk of hypertension among Ghanaians.MethodsThe BMI data are categorized according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition. The data were obtained from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO SAGE) Ghana Wave 2. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the variables, and the association between these variables and hypertension was assessed using the χ². Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between hypertension and different BMI levels and other variables.ResultsObesity class II individuals have about a 4‐fold higher risk of developing hypertension compared to underweight individuals. Obesity class III, class I, and preobesity individuals have approximately a 3‐fold higher risk. Normal weight is associated with increased hypertension risk. Both males and females show a significant increase in hypertension risk across all BMI categories. History of hypertension is linked to a 2.2‐fold increased risk. Diabetes history is associated with hypertension when considering other factors. Elevated hypertension risk is observed among married, divorced, and widowed males then never married males. Only widowed females showed an increased risk. Older age significantly increases hypertension risk, particularly in females. Vegetable servings reduce hypertension risk, while fruit servings are associated with an increased risk. Vigorous exercise increases hypertension risk, particularly in females.ConclusionRegular check‐ups are recommended for married, divorced, and widowed males, focusing on blood pressure (BP) levels. Regular exercise from young age helps lower BP in later years. Individuals with a history of hypertension should follow BP control measures. Encouraging the consumption of the right combination of vegetables and fruits can help lower BP. Female tobacco smoking should be strongly discouraged due to a 54% increased risk of developing hypertension.

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Gender with marital status, cultural differences, and vulnerability to hypertension: Findings from the national survey for noncommunicable disease risk factors and mental health using WHO STEPS in Bhutan

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Relationship between tobacco use, alcohol consumption and non-communicable diseases among women in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey-2015-16

Relationship between tobacco use, alcohol consumption and non-communicable diseases among women in India: evidence from National Family Health Survey-2015-16

Effects of Marital Status and Income on Hypertension: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)

Assessing body mass index stages, individual diabetes and hypertension history effects on the risk of developing hypertension among Ghanaians: A cross‐sectional study

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