Gendered scenes of the countryside: public sphere and peasant family resistance in the nineteenth-century Spanish town

Ships, Bread, and Work: Agrarian Conflict in the Mediterranean Countryside, 1914–1923

“…In both 1878 and 1882, for example, strikes by fematers (young male waste collectors) and female verduleras (vegetable sellers) disrupted life in both the city and the countryside, as they defended their traditional rights and privileges vis-à-vis the urban economy. 37 Also in 1878, conflicts arose between tenant farmers in the Valencian countryside and landlords who, for the most part, lived in València city. Ground down by successive bad seasons, peasants "almost in unison" elected to withhold rents, frustrated by their landlords' "bourgeois mentality" toward property that, presumably, precluded them from exercising the type of paternalism that has historically defined landlord-peasant relationships.…”