Gendered support to older parents: do welfare states matter?

Schmid, Tina; Brandt, Martina; Haberkern, Klaus

doi:10.1007/s10433-011-0197-1

Cited by 111 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…For example, Abendroth, Huffman and Treas (2014) demonstrate that the motherhood occupational status penalty is lower in European countries where expenditures on public childcare are higher. Confirming earlier findings, Schmid, Brandt and Haberkern (2012) show that women are more likely to provide intensive care to aging parents than men are. However, the gender gap in the provision of such care is greater when aging parents receive cash for care payments (in addition to the care received from adult children) than when they receive services in kind.…”

Section: Public Provisions and Gender Inequalitysupporting

confidence: 85%

How demographic patterns and social policies shape interdependence among lives in the family realm

Dykstra

Hägestad

2016

Population Horizons

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Our starting point is that a social psychological approach dominates the literature on interdependent or "linked" lives (Elder, 1994). We argue that interdependence is not only social-psychological, but is also structured on a macro-level. More specifically, we illustrate ways in which demographic change, such as increased co-longevity, creates different opportunities for interdependence for men and women. In addition, we draw attention to the role of national policies, distinguishing ways in which legislation mandates generational interdependence (e.g., legal obligations to provide financial support), blocks generational interdependence (e.g., grandparents not granted the right to raise grandchildren when parents cannot provide adequate care; migration laws not granting temporary visits to enable the provision of care), generates generational interdependence (e.g., daddy quota), and lightens generational interdependence (e.g., less reliance on grandparental care in Northern and Western Europe due to public support to parents of young children). We pay specific attention to childless men and women, questioning the primacy assigned to kinship ties in health care and long-term support policies. Gender receives consistent consideration throughout the paper.

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Section: Public Provisions and Gender Inequalitysupporting

confidence: 85%

How demographic patterns and social policies shape interdependence among lives in the family realm

Dykstra

Hägestad

2016

Population Horizons

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“…Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), Schmid, Brandt, & Haberkern (2012) confirm findings from many studies that show that women are more likely to provide intensive care to aging parents than men. However, the "imbalance" in the proportions of men and women providing such care is higher when aging parents receive public support-in addition to the care received from adult children-in the form of cash for care payments than when they receive public services (e.g., home help and home nursing).…”

Section: Intergenerational Care Regimessupporting

confidence: 75%

Structuration of the Life Course: Some Neglected Aspects

Hägestad

Dykstra

2016

Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research

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North American life course research has typically focused on micro/meso level contexts, and how these shape men's and women's lives. There has been less attention to societal laws and policies in analyses of gendered life courses. In contrast, Europeans have typically neglected gender and interdependence among lives, concentrating on analyses of how the state shapes trajectories. We argue that the consideration of demographic context and the role of laws and policies can help bridge the continental divide in life course approaches. In focusing on these two macro-level structural factors, it is unavoidable to acknowledge that families are critical mediators between society and individuals. We show that demographic shifts are creating new late life potential and new opportunities for intergenerational connections. Demographic change also increases differences between men's and women's networks and lives. We discuss so-called intergenerational policy regimes and show how they strengthen autonomy versus interdependence in families. Our review of legal changes reveals gender convergence in life structuring. Yet, we also observe strong contrasts between how men and women actually live their lives. Most likely, new understanding of this complex picture can be found in the intersection of macro-and micro perspectives. It is more important than ever that we 28 bridge a "continental divide" between research communities, across countries and methodological camps. Keywords Our Point of DepartureSince both authors have studied and worked in Europe as well as in North America, it is natural for us to take a comparative view, exploring contrasts and similarities between European and North American perspectives. We start from two basic premises: First, life course studies are a perfect arena in which to raise and seek solutions to some fundamental analytical puzzles that have faced social scientists since the start of our disciplines. Central among them are relationships among levels and units of analysis. Among major figures in classic social science, Durkheim, through his emphasis on social facts, took the clearest stance with regard to levels: "…collective life does not derive from individual life…, [and] the latter cannot explain the former (Durkheim, 1895(Durkheim, /1982. Second, we have a much better chance of building new insights, filling knowledge gaps, and solving analytical puzzles if we have international dialogues and collaboration across research communities. 29After a brief historical overview of approaches to the life course on two continents (section 2), we highlight some classic work on men's and women's lives and raise the issue of whether life course scholars on two continents have met the empirical and analytical challenges of analyzing how gendered life courses are shaped by cultural expectations as well as contrasting positions in society (section 3). We ask: To what extent do macro-level forces create different patterns of interdependence, divergent and contrasting life trajectories for men a...

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“…Because of the gender wage gap we have s > d when > 1 while < 1 yields the opposite result, namely s < d . In this case formal home care may have to be subsidized in families with at least one daughter, while it is taxed in two-son families; see expressions (15) and (18). This occurs when…”

Section: Propositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caregivers in the Family: Daughters, Sons and Social Norms

2017

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Daughters are the principal caregivers of their dependent parents. In this paper, we study long-term care (LTC) choices by bargaining families with mixed-or same-gender siblings. LTC care can be provided either informally by children, or formally at home or in an institution. A social norm implies that daughters su¤er a psychological cost when they provide less informal care than the average child.We show that the laissez-faire (LF) and the utilitarian …rst-best (FB) di¤er for two reasons. First, because informal care imposes a negative externality on daughters via the social norm, too much informal care is provided in LF. Second, the weights children and parents have in the family bargaining problem might di¤er in general from their weights in social welfare. We show that the FB allocation can be achieved through a system of subsidies on formal home and institutional care.Except when children and parents have equal bargaining weights these subsidies are gender-speci…c and re ‡ect Pigouvian as well as "paternalistic" considerations.JEL-Classi…cation: D13, H23, H31, I19

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Gendered support to older parents: do welfare states matter?

Cited by 111 publications

References 39 publications

How demographic patterns and social policies shape interdependence among lives in the family realm

How demographic patterns and social policies shape interdependence among lives in the family realm

Structuration of the Life Course: Some Neglected Aspects

Caregivers in the Family: Daughters, Sons and Social Norms

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