Gene cassettes: a new class of mobile element

Recchia, Gavin D.; Hall, Ruth M.

doi:10.1099/13500872-141-12-3015

Cited by 607 publications

(661 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Gene cassettes represent small mobile elements of less than 2 kbp and, to date, have only been detected in gram-negative bacteria [51]. They commonly consist of only a specific recombination site and a single gene which is in most known cases an antimicrobial resistance gene.…”

Section: Elements Involved In Horizontal Transfer Of Resistance Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Integrons most often represent intact or defective transposons and commonly consist of two conserved regions, one of which, the 5' conserved region, codes for the integrase that is responsible for the site-specific insertion of the gene cassettes and also harbours the promoter for the expression of the cassette-borne genes. The 3' conserved region may represent another resistance gene, such as the sulfonamide resistance gene sulI [51]. The role of integrons in the diffusion of resistance was reviewed by Carattoli [10].…”

Section: Elements Involved In Horizontal Transfer Of Resistance Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A summary of the known aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and their molecular relationships was published in 1993 [64]. However, since then, several new aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes have been identified, some of which are part of integrons / gene cassettes [51]. Four classes of N-acetyltransferases (AACs) are known which acetylate the amino groups at positions 1-, 3-, 2'-and 6' [20,41,64,80].…”

Section: Resistance To Aminoglycosidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and mechanisms of resistance

2001

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-This review deals with the application of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine and food animal production and the possible consequences arising from the widespread and multipurpose use of antimicrobials. The various mechanisms that bacteria have developed to escape the inhibitory effects of the antimicrobials most frequently used in the veterinary field are reported in detail. Resistance of bacteria to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics, β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol/florfenicol is described with regard to enzymatic inactivation, decreased intracellular drug accumulation and modification/protection/replacement of the target sites. In addition, basic information is given about mobile genetic elements which carry the respective resistance genes, such as plasmids, transposons, and gene cassettes/integrons, and their ways of spreading via conjugation, mobilisation, transduction, and transformation.antibiotic therapy / growth promotion / resistance mechanism / resistance gene / gene transfer Résumé -Utilisation d'agents antimicrobiens en médecine vétérinaire et mécanismes de résis-tance. Cette revue présente les différents buts pour lesquels les agents antimicrobiens sont utilisés en médecine vétérinaire, dans les élevages d'animaux entrant dans la chaîne alimentaire et les possibles conséquences de cette large utilisation. Une synthèse est faite des différents mécanismes de résis-tance développés par les bactéries, comme l'inactivation enzymatique, la diminution de la concentration intracellulaire de l'antibiotique, les modification/protection/déplacement de cible, qui permettent d'échapper à l'action des antibiotiques les plus fréquemment utilisés dans le domaine vétérinaire :

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Section: Elements Involved In Horizontal Transfer Of Resistance Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Elements Involved In Horizontal Transfer Of Resistance Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resistance To Aminoglycosidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and mechanisms of resistance

2001

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“…It was found that the spread of resistance genes is greatly enhanced when they form part of a mobile gene cassette. It is not surprising that many of the antibiotic resistance genes found in clinical isolates of gram-negative microorganisms are part of a gene cassette inserted into an integron [4]. Gene cassettes can exist as free circular molecules and are transcribed only when captured and inserted into an integron [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New cassettes are continually being discovered. Nowadays, over 60 cassettes have been discovered [4]. Integrons are natural expression vectors that permit the insertion of antibiotic resistance genes by a site-specific recombinational mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%