Gene expression demonstrates an immunological capacity of the human endolymphatic sac

Möller, Martin; Kirkeby, Svend; Vikeså, Jonas; Nielsen, Finn Cilius; Cayé‐Thomasen, Per

doi:10.1002/lary.25242

Cited by 35 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Møller et al (16) performed a study to investigate gene expression of the human ES using adjacent dura mater as the control. The authors identified that ES was a significant immunological entity within the inner ear.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To further confirm the key genes in ES for AIED, the results were also compared with previous studies by Møller et al (16,17), which investigated the gene expression profile of ES in humans.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, studies analyzed the global gene expression profile of the ES in rats (15) and humans (16,17). In comparison with adjacent dura tissues, several inflammatory response-associated genes were identified, including macrophage migration inhibitory factor, small inducible cytokine subfamily e, member 1, the C-C chemokine ligand (Ccl)21b (serine) and toll-like receptor (Tlr)7 (15,16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In comparison with adjacent dura tissues, several inflammatory response-associated genes were identified, including macrophage migration inhibitory factor, small inducible cytokine subfamily e, member 1, the C-C chemokine ligand (Ccl)21b (serine) and toll-like receptor (Tlr)7 (15,16). In the current study, the microarray data from Friis et al (15) was further analyzed in order to identify inflammatory response-associated genes in the ES by constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, through module analysis and by common gene screening.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Screening of genes associated with inﬂammatory responses in the endolymphatic sac reveals underlying mechanisms for autoimmune inner ear diseases

Zhang

Wang

2018

Exp Ther Med

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The current study analyzed gene expression profiles of the endolymphatic sac (ES) in rats and identified expressed genes, present in the human and rat ES, to reveal key hubs for inflammatory responses. Microarray data (accession no. E-MEXP-3022) were obtained from the European Bioinformatics Institute database, including three biological replicates of ES plus dura tissues and three replicates of pure dura tissues form rats. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using the Linear Model for Microarray data method and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using data from the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins database followed by a module analysis via Clustering with Overlapping Neighborhood Expansion. Function enrichment analysis was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery online tool. A total of 612 DEGs were identified, including 396 upregulated and 216 downregulated genes. Gene ontology term enrichment analysis indicated DEGs were associated with cell adhesion, including α5-integrin (Itga1) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1); T cell co-stimulation, including C-C chemokine ligand (Ccl)21 and Ccl19; and the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, including toll-like receptor (Tlr)2, Tlr7 and Tlr8. These conclusions were supported by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealing extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, including Itga1 and Spp1; leukocyte transendothelial migration, includingclaudin-4 (Cldn4); and malaria, including Tlr2. The hub roles of Itga1, Cd24 and Spp1 were revealed by calculating three topological properties of the PPI network. Ccl21, Ccl19 and Cldn4 were demonstrated to be crucial following significant module analysis according to the corresponding threshold, which revealed they were enriched in inflammation pathways. Tlr7, Tlr2, granzyme m and Tlr8 were common genes associated with inflammatory responses in rat and human ES. In conclusion, abnormal expression of the aforementioned inflammation-associated genes may be associated with the development of autoimmune inner ear diseases.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Screening of genes associated with inﬂammatory responses in the endolymphatic sac reveals underlying mechanisms for autoimmune inner ear diseases

Zhang

Wang

2018

Exp Ther Med

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“…In recent years, the belief that the ES is a significant immunological entity of the inner ear was further enhanced by genetic studies which demonstrated increased expression of key elements of both the cellular and humoral innate immune system, including Toll-like receptors 4 and 7, as well as beta-defensin and lactoferrin [36]. This suggested that not only the ES was capable of antigen recognition and processing for initiation of an immune response, potent molecules directly toxic to invading pathogens were also expressed by the sac epithelium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inner Ear Disorders: Exploring Possible Links between the Endolymphatic Sac, Gall Bladder and Small Intestine

Low¹

2017

IJCAM

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Introduction: In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the gall-bladder (GB) and small intestine (SI) systems are closely associated with the ear. Acupuncture involving these meridians has been used with success in Meniere's disease where the endolymphatic sac of the inner ear plays a key role. This paper aimed to find out if the endolymphatic sac of the ear shared certain anatomical, physiological and pathological similarities with those of the GB and SI.Methods: A Medline search of the English literature with each of the words "endolymphatic sac", "gall bladder" and "small intestine", was carried out. Relevant English literature detailing the anatomy and physiology of the 3 structures were also reviewed. Results:The GB, SI & ES are found to share common anatomical features facilitating the absorption of fluid and electrolytes. In addition, physiological and pathological processes involving allergy, immune-defense, hormonal action and active transport of solutes are involved in all the 3 structures. Conclusion:If the GB, SI and ES are indeed linked functionally and/or pathologically by one or more of the common themes relating to immunity, the endocrine system as well as fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, plausible medical explanations could possibly be offered for the pathogenesis and treatment of ear disorders as perceived by TCM.

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The human endolymphatic sac expresses natriuretic peptides

et al. 2017

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Gene expression demonstrates an immunological capacity of the human endolymphatic sac

Abstract: N/A.

Cited by 35 publications

References 36 publications

Screening of genes associated with inﬂammatory responses in the endolymphatic sac reveals underlying mechanisms for autoimmune inner ear diseases

Screening of genes associated with inﬂammatory responses in the endolymphatic sac reveals underlying mechanisms for autoimmune inner ear diseases

Inner Ear Disorders: Exploring Possible Links between the Endolymphatic Sac, Gall Bladder and Small Intestine

The human endolymphatic sac expresses natriuretic peptides

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