“…Temperature-stressed cnidarians experienced (a) increased HSP expression, (b) increased antioxidant expression, (c) decreased Ca 2+ homeostasis, (d) restructured ECM, (e) rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton, (f) decreased ribosomal protein expression, and (g) pro-apoptotic responses (Abrego, Ulstrup, Willis, Van, & Oppen, 2008;Barshis et al, 2013;DeSalvo, Sunagawa, Fisher, et al, 2010;Fitt et al, 2009;Kenkel, Meyer, & Matz, 2013;Maor-Landaw & Levy, 2016) (Figure 2). Studies on important reef-building species, such as O. faveolata (DeSalvo et al, 2008) and Acropora palmata (DeSalvo, Sunagawa, Voolstra, & Medina, 2010), have revealed an assortment of crucial heat stress genes in cnidarians, such as peroxidasin, C/EBP, EF-hand, and calmodulin.…”