Gene expression signatures in tree shrew choroid during lens-induced myopia and recovery

He, Li; Frost, Michael R.; Siegwart, John T.; Norton, Thomas T.

doi:10.1016/j.exer.2014.04.005

Cited by 63 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The colony is maintained on a 14-hour light on/10 hour light off cycle (McBrien and Norton 1992, Guo, Frost et al 2013, He, Frost et al 2014). Fluorescent lighting (F34CW RS WM ECO) provided illuminance of 100 to 300 lux on the floor of the cages.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-wavelength (red) light produces hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent tree shrews

2017

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In infant tree shrews, exposure to narrow-band long-wavelength (red) light, that stimulates long-wavelength sensitive cones almost exclusively, slows axial elongation and produces hyperopia. We asked if red light produces hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent animals, ages when plus lenses are ineffective. Animals were raised in fluorescent colony lighting (100–300 lux) until they began 13 days of red-light treatment at 11 (n=5, “infant”), 35 (n=5, “juvenile”) or 95 (n=5, “adolescent”) days of visual experience (DVE). LEDs provided 527–749 lux on the cage floor. To control for the higher red illuminance, a fluorescent control group (n=5) of juvenile (35 DVE) animals was exposed to ~ 975 lux. Refractions were measured daily; ocular component dimensions at the start and end of treatment and end of recovery in colony lighting. These groups were compared with normals (n=7). In red light, the refractive state of both juvenile and adolescent animals became significantly (P<0.05) hyperopic: juvenile 3.9±1.0 diopters (D, mean±SEM) vs. normal 0.8±0.1 D; adolescent 1.6±0.2 D vs. normal 0.4±0.1 D. The fluorescent control group refractions (0.6±0.3 D) were normal. In red-treated juveniles the vitreous chamber was significantly smaller than normal (P<0.05): juvenile 2.67±0.03 mm vs. normal 2.75±0.02 mm. The choroid was also significantly thicker: juvenile 77±4 μm vs. normal 57±3 μm (P<0.05). Although plus lenses do not restrain eye growth in juvenile tree shrews, the red light-induced slowed growth and hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent tree shrews demonstrates that the emmetropization mechanism is still capable of restraining eye growth at these ages.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-wavelength (red) light produces hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent tree shrews

2017

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“…112 Interestingly, in the tree shrew, similar differential gene expression patterns were observed in the choroid with three different visual manipulations (negative lens, form deprivation, and continuous darkness), implying a common myopia-inducing molecular signaling cascade, at least within the choroid. 113,114 …”

Section: The Role Of Choroid In Eye Growth Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

RPE and Choroid Mechanisms Underlying Ocular Growth and Myopia

Zhang¹,

Wildsoet²

2015

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science

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Myopia is the most common type of refractive errors and one of the world’s leading causes of blindness. Visual manipulations in animal models have provided convincing evidence for the role of environmental factors in myopia development. These models along with in vitro studies have provided important insights into underlying mechanisms. The key locations of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid make them plausible conduits for relaying growth regulatory signals originating in the retina to the sclera, which ultimately determines eye size and shape. Identifying the key signal molecules and their targets may lead to the development of new myopia control treatments. This section summarizes findings implicating the RPE and choroid in myopia development. For RPE and/or choroid, changes in morphology, activity of ion channels/transporters, as well as in gene and protein expression, have been linked to altered eye growth. Both tissues thus represent potential targets for novel therapies for myopia.

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“…The dependent variables in the present study were the amount of monocular form-deprivation myopia (FDM) and the rate of myopia development (slope in diopters [D]/day) that occurred over an 11-day treatment period, compared with the untreated fellow eye. When a translucent diffuser is held in front of an eye early in postnatal development, the retina detects the form deprivation (FD) and generates what have been described as “GO” signals (He, Frost, Siegwart, Jr. and Norton, 2014; Norton, 1999; Rohrer and Stell, 1994; Schaeffel and Howland, 1991). Retinally-generated signals are not only sent to central visual targets, but also pass through a direct retino-scleral pathway comprised of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid to reach the sclera where they produce scleral remodeling (Gao, Frost, Siegwart, Jr. and Norton, 2011; Guo, Frost, Siegwart, Jr. and Norton, 2014; McBrien, Cornell and Gentle, 2001; Moring, Baker and Norton, 2007; Norton, Essinger and McBrien, 1994; Norton and Rada, 1995; Siegwart, Jr. and Norton, 1999) that results in ocular (vitreous chamber) elongation (Marsh-Tootle and Norton, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of intravitreal injection of vehicle solutions on form deprivation myopia in tree shrews

Ward

Siegwart

Frost

et al. 2016

Experimental Eye Research

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lntravitreal injection of substances dissolved in a vehicle solution is a common tool used to assess retinal function. We examined the effect of injection procedures (three groups) and vehicle solutions (four groups) on the development of form deprivation myopia (FDM) in juvenile tree shrews, mammals closely related to primates, starting at 24 days of visual experience (about 45 days of age). In seven groups (n = 7 per group), the myopia produced by monocular form deprivation (FD) was measured daily for 12 days during an 11-day treatment period. The FD eye was randomly selected; the contralateral eye served as an untreated control. The refractive state of both eyes was measured daily, starting just before FD began (day 1); axial component dimensions were measured on day 1 and after eleven days of treatment (day 12). Procedure groups: the myopia (treated eye refraction – control eye) in the FD group was the reference. The sham group only underwent brief daily anesthesia and opening of the conjunctiva to expose the sclera. The puncture group, in addition, had a pipette inserted daily into the vitreous. In four vehicle groups, 5 μL of vehicle was injected daily. The NaCl group received 0.85% NaCl. In the NaCl+ascorbic acid group, 1mg/mL of ascorbic acid was added. The water group received sterile water. The water+ascorbic acid group received water with ascorbic acid (1mg/mL). We found that the procedures associated with intravitreal injections (anesthesia, opening of the conjunctiva, and puncture of the sclera) did not significantly affect the development of FDM. However, injecting 5 μL of any of the four vehicle solutions slowed the development of FDM. NaCl had a small effect; myopia development in the last 6 days (−0.15 ± 0.08 D/day) was significantly less than in the FD group (−0.53 ± 0.06 D/day). NaCl+ Ascorbic acid further slowed the development of FDM on several treatment days. H2O (−0.09 ± 0.05 D/day) and H2O+ascorbic acid (−0.08 ± 0.05 D/day) both almost completely blocked myopia development. The treated eye vitreous chamber elongation, compared with the control eye, in all groups was consistent with the amount of myopia. When FD continued (days 12–16) without injections in the water and water+ascorbic acid groups, the rate of myopia development quickly increased. Thus, it appears the vehicles affected retinal signaling rather than causing damage. The effect of H2O and H2O+ascorbic acid may be due to reduced osmolality or ionic concentration near the tip of the injection pipette. The effect of ascorbic acid, compared to NaCl alone, may be due to its reported dopaminergic activity.

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Gene expression signatures in tree shrew choroid during lens-induced myopia and recovery

Cited by 63 publications

References 59 publications

Long-wavelength (red) light produces hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent tree shrews

Long-wavelength (red) light produces hyperopia in juvenile and adolescent tree shrews

RPE and Choroid Mechanisms Underlying Ocular Growth and Myopia

The effect of intravitreal injection of vehicle solutions on form deprivation myopia in tree shrews

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