Adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) is an extracellular signaling molecule involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Yet, in situ characterization of the spatiotemporal dynamic of extracellular ATP is still challenging due to the lack of sensor with appropriate specificity, sensitivity and kinetics. Here we report the development of biosensors based on the fusion of cation permeable ATP receptors (P2X) to genetically encoded calcium sensors (GECI). By combining the features of P2X receptors with the high signal to noise ratio of GECIs, we generated ultrasensitive green and red fluorescent sniffers that detect nanomolar ATP concentrations in situ and also enable the tracking of P2X receptor activity. We provide the proof of concept that these sensors can dynamically track ATP release evoked by neuronal depolarization or by extracellular hypotonicity. Targeting these P2X-based biosensors to diverse cell types should advance our knowledge of extracellular ATP dynamics in vivo.coupled P2Y receptors (von Kügelgen and Harden, 2011), mainly P2Y1, P2Y2 and P2Y11, although these receptors display higher affinity for other endogenous nucleotide such as ADP or UTP (von Kügelgen, 2019). Yet, activation of P2Y receptors by ATP seems to have important physiological functions, particularly in the central nervous system (A. Weisman et al., 2012). Pharmacology of P2Y receptors is considerably more developed than that of P2X receptors, particularly for P2Y receptors that are sensitive to ATP (Jacobson and Müller, 2016). However, because these proteins are coupled to intracellular signaling pathways, studying the dynamic of their activation in integrated preparation mostly relies on indirect readthrough.Studying extracellular ATP signaling in multicellular preparations and in vivo is complex. First, in vertebrate virtually all cells can release ATP through various mechanisms such as classical vesicular release, lysosomal exocytosis, transmembrane channels or cell lysis (Lohman et al., 2012;Praetorius and Leipziger, 2009;Rassendren and Audinat, 2016). Signals triggering ATP release remain poorly characterized, although there is clear evidence that cells constitutively release ATP (Lazarowski et al., 2011;Sivaramakrishnan et al., 2012) and that evoked release can be triggered in defined physiological and pathological contexts (Lazarowski, 2008). A second level of complexity comes from the short half-life of extracellular ATP. Due to the ubiquitous expression of membrane-bound and soluble ectonucleotidases, extracellular ATP is within seconds to minutes degraded in ADP and ultimately adenosine, which both also act as signaling molecules (Deaglio and Robson, 2011;Kukulski et al., 2011).Various methods have been developed to measure extracellular ATP (Wu and Li, 2020). The most common is the luciferase-luciferin assay which allows bioluminescent quantification of ATP in solution. A genetically encoded version of this assay was developed (Pellegatti et al., 2005), however because of its low quantic yield, this approach h...