General and specialized tyrosine metabolism pathways in plants

Abstract

The tyrosine metabolism pathway serves as a starting point for the production of a variety of structurally diverse natural compounds in plants, such as tocopherols, plastoquinone, ubiquinone, betalains, salidroside, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, and so on. Among these, tyrosine-derived metabolites, tocopherols, plastoquinone, and ubiquinone are essential to plant survival. In addition, this pathway provides us essential micronutrients (e.g., vitamin E and ubiquinone) and medicine (e.g., morphine, salidroside, and salvianolic acid B). However, our knowledge of the plant tyrosine metabolism pathway remains rudimentary, and genes encoding the pathway enzymes have not been fully defined. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in the tyrosine metabolism pathway, key enzymes, and important tyrosine-derived metabolites in plants.

A reporter for noninvasively monitoring gene expression and plant transformation

“…It is difficult to use anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways as a universal visible reporter. Betalains are a class of plant natural products derived from the aminoacid tyrosine 10,11 . The bright red color seen in beets, dragon fruit, Swiss chard, and other plants is resulted from accumulation of betalains.…”

Identification of differentially expressed genes involved in amino acid and lipid accumulation of winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) in response to cold stress

“…The alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase ( AASS , EC:1.5.1.8, 1.5.1.9) is catalyze the L-Lysine into Saccharopine and then formed acetoacetyl-CoA ( Fig 5 ). Tyrosine aminotransferase ( TAT , EC 2.6.1.5) catalyzes the reversible transamination from tyrosine to form 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (pHPP), an initial step of the tyrosine conversion [ 56 ]. One transcript, Bra037020, annotated in AASS and two transcripts (Bra0226866, Bra039489) annotated in tyrosine aminotransferase ( TAT) were found in our study.…”

Molecular Cloning, Bioinformatics Analysis and Overexpression of the Tyrosine Aminotransferase Gene in Rehmannia Glutinosa

“…Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT, EC 2.6.1.5) is the rst key enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of tyrosine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate in the tyrosine-derived pathway for syntheses of important secondary metabolites and compounds. Moreover, many TAT genes have been cloned from different plant species (Ipson et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2020). Now, there are several reports about TAT overexpressions in potato for cellulose biosynthesis and Perilla frutescens for rosmarinic acid (Li 2007;Lu et al, 2013), but there is not any report about TAT overexpression for acteoside biosynthesis in Rehmannia glutinosa.…”

“…In Tyrosine-derived pathway of acteoside biosynthesis, TAT converts L-tyrosine to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (4HPP) (Zhou et al, 2020) or (pHPP), followed by its conversion to 4hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA). Tyrosine is also converted to 4-HPAA through decarboxylationoxidative deamination catalyzed by 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase (4HPAAS, EC 4.1.1.108), 4-HPAA is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of tyrosol-derived specialized metabolites (e.g., salidroside in Rhodiola) (Xu et al, 2020). Moreover, salidroside could be converted to acteoside (Zhou et al 2020).…”