General aspects of diabetes mellitus

Alam, Uazman; Asghar, Omar; Azmi, Shazli; Malik, Rayaz A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53480-4.00015-1

Cited by 257 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…These alterations are generated by defects in insulin secretion, action, or both [1]. If patients do not control their glycemic levels, this can cause long-term damage or dysfunction in several organs, including the retinas, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and blood vessels, which in time becomes a deadly situation for the patient [2,3]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that worldwide, from 1995 to the current day, the number of people living with DM has tripled, with an estimated value of more than 425 million people (8.8%), with a range age between 20 and 79 years [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Acyclic Terpenes in Blood Glucose Levels: Potential α-Glucosidase and Sodium Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT-1) Inhibitors

2019

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Twelve terpenoids were evaluated in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: seven monoterpenes (geranyl acetate (1), geranic acid (2), citral (3), geraniol (4), methyl geranate (5), nerol (6), and citronellic acid (7)), three sesquiterpenes (farnesal (8), farnesol (9), and farnesyl acetate (10)), one diterpene (geranylgeraniol (11)), and one triterpene (squalene (12)) were selected to carry out a study on normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Among these, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 showed antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. They were then selected for evaluation in oral sucrose and lactose tolerance tests (OSTT and OLTT) as well as in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). In the OSTT and OLTT, compounds 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10 showed a reduction in postprandial glucose peaks 2 h after a sucrose or lactose load (comparable to acarbose). In the case of the OGTT, 2, 7, 8, 9, and 10 showed a reduction in postprandial glucose peaks 2 h after a glucose load (comparable to canagliflozin). Our results suggest that the control of postprandial hyperglycemia may be mediated by the inhibition of disaccharide digestion, such as sucrose and lactose, and the regulation of the absorption of glucose. The first case could be associated with an ∝-glucosidase inhibitory effect and the second with an inhibition of the sodium–glucose type 1 (SGLT-1) cotransporter. Finally, five acyclic terpenes may be candidates for the development and search for new α-glucosidase and SGLT-1 cotransporter inhibitors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Acyclic Terpenes in Blood Glucose Levels: Potential α-Glucosidase and Sodium Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT-1) Inhibitors

2019

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“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia in fasting or postprandial states resulting in the organ dysfunction and subsequent failure in structures including the kidney, nerves, heart, and blood vessels (Alam, Asghar, Azmi, & Malik, ). DM is widely understood to occur largely due to the inability of the pancreatic β cells to secrete insulin resulting in a failure to maintain blood glucose homeostasis (Guay & Regazzi, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retracted: Downregulation of long noncoding RNA H19 rescues hippocampal neurons from apoptosis and oxidative stress by inhibiting IGF2 methylation in mice with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes mellitus

Che

et al. 2018

Journal Cellular Physiology

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The diabetes mellitus (DM)‐induced reduction of neurogenesis in the hippocampus is consequently accompanied by cognitive decline. The present study set out to define the critical role played by long noncoding RNA H19 (lncRNA H19) in the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, as well as oxidative stress (OS) in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced DM mice through regulation of insulin‐like growth factor 2 (IGF2) methylation. The expression of lncRNA H19 in the hippocampal neurons and surviving neurons were detected. Hippocampal neurons were cultured and transfected with oe‐H19, sh‐H19, oe‐IGF2, or sh‐IGF2, followed by detection of the expressions of IGF2 and apoptosis‐related genes. Determination of the lipid peroxide and glutathione levels was conducted, while antioxidant enzyme activity was identified. The IGF2 methylation, the binding of lncRNA H19 to DNA methyltransferase, and the binding of lncRNA H19 to IGF2 promoter region were detected. DM mice exhibited high expressions of H19, as well as a decreased hippocampal neurons survival rate. Higher lncRNA H19 expression was found in DM. Upregulated lncRNA H19 significantly increased the expression of Bax and caspase‐3 but decreased that of Bcl‐2, thus promoting the apoptosis of hippocampal neuron. Besides, upregulation of lncRNA H19 induced OS. LncRNA H19 was observed to bind specifically to the IGF2 gene promoter region and promote IGF2 methylation by enriching DNA methyltransferase, thereby silencing IGF2 expression. Taken together, downregulated lncRNA H19 reduces IGF2 methylation and enhances its expression, thereby suppressing hippocampal neuron apoptosis and OS in STZ‐induced (DM) mice.

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“…По данным Минздрава России, уро-вень инвалидизации по причине СД составляет 2,1 случая на 100 тыс. населения [2].СД представляет собой гетерогенную группу ме-таболических расстройств, которые характеризуют-ся общим симптомом -хронической гиперглике-мией, а также абсолютным или относительным де-фицитом продукции инсулина, либо его действия [3]. СД 1-го типа возникает из-за недостаточной продукции инсулина вследствие потери функцио- Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most widespread chronic diseases in the world.…”

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“…СД представляет собой гетерогенную группу ме-таболических расстройств, которые характеризуют-ся общим симптомом -хронической гиперглике-мией, а также абсолютным или относительным де-фицитом продукции инсулина, либо его действия [3]. СД 1-го типа возникает из-за недостаточной продукции инсулина вследствие потери функцио-Перспективные фармакологические мишени для лечения заболеваний, сопряженных с дефектом сигнального пути рецептора инсулина Е.А.…”

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Promising pharmacological targets for the treatment of the diseases associated with the impaired insulin receptor signaling pathway

Gorbunov

Brigadirova

Качаева

et al. 2015

Probl Endokrinol (Mosk)

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ОБЗОРЫСахарный диабет (СД) занимает одно из первых мест в мире среди наиболее распространенных хро-нических заболеваний. В ряд социально значимых заболеваний СД ставят такие его особенности, как большая частота встречаемости, высокий риск ин-валидизации и смертности больных. В 2013 г., по данным Международной диабетической федерации, численность больных СД в мире составила 386 млн человек. Учитывая темпы распространения заболе-вания, согласно прогнозам экспертов ВОЗ, число пациентов с диагнозом СД достигнет к 2035 г. 592 млн человек в основном за счет больных СД 2-го типа (СД2) [1]. По данным Минздрава России, уро-вень инвалидизации по причине СД составляет 2,1 случая на 100 тыс. населения [2].СД представляет собой гетерогенную группу ме-таболических расстройств, которые характеризуют-ся общим симптомом -хронической гиперглике-мией, а также абсолютным или относительным де-фицитом продукции инсулина, либо его действия [3]. СД 1-го типа возникает из-за недостаточной продукции инсулина вследствие потери функцио- Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most widespread chronic diseases in the world. In DM type 2, peripheral tissues demonstrate strong resistance to endogenous insulin (insulin resistance) which is caused by impaired ability of the hormone to stimulate glucose uptake in target cells (muscle, adipose or brain tissue, liver, etc.) and to reduce blood glucose level. Research data suggest that all mentioned reasons are most likely to be based on a disruption of signal transduction from insulin receptor (IR) into insulin-dependent intracellular signaling cascades. Contemporary DM treatment strategy is aimed at the maintenance of optimal blood glucose level by improving insulin production and increasing insulin sensitivity of tissue as well as prevention of macro-and microvascular complications and decrease of their intensity. At the same time, the search for new targets for creation of innovative anti-diabetic compounds can be considered a promising task due to the optimization of existing approaches and development of the novel ones taking into account results of the latest research into DM etiology and pathogenesis. A special position among possible targets is occupied by insulin receptor (IR) and IR-associated signaling pathways. Belonging to tyrosine kinase receptor family, IR has been actively studied during the last decades. This review considers in particular the IR structure and functioning of receptor-associated signaling pathways. The paper contains data on novel ligand-mimetics and IR sensitizers as well as other molecules, which affect different components of IR-associated signaling pathways, thus exerting significant antidiabetic effect. Action of these compounds is aimed at improvement of basic metabolic disorders resulting in hyperglycemia and is mainly carried out due to the following effects: activation and potentiation of insulin signaling, increase of insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues; recovery of insulin secretion physiological mechanisms; reduction of glucose production in liver.

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General aspects of diabetes mellitus

Cited by 257 publications

References 45 publications

Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Acyclic Terpenes in Blood Glucose Levels: Potential α-Glucosidase and Sodium Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT-1) Inhibitors

Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Acyclic Terpenes in Blood Glucose Levels: Potential α-Glucosidase and Sodium Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT-1) Inhibitors

Retracted: Downregulation of long noncoding RNA H19 rescues hippocampal neurons from apoptosis and oxidative stress by inhibiting IGF2 methylation in mice with streptozotocin‐induced diabetes mellitus

Promising pharmacological targets for the treatment of the diseases associated with the impaired insulin receptor signaling pathway

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