This study focused on the associations of general auditory processing, speech perception, phonological awareness and word reading in Cantonese-speaking children from Hong Kong learning to read both Chinese (first language [L1]) and English (second language [L2]). Children in Grades 2-4 (N 5 133) participated and were administered measures of IQ, word reading, phonological awareness, speech perception and auditory processing in both L1 and L2. Auditory processing uniquely explained both L1 and L2 word reading. While L1 speech perception accounted for unique variance in L1 word reading, L2 phonological awareness explained unique variance in L2 word reading. In cross-language comparisons, L1 phonological awareness and speech perception were uniquely associated with L2 word reading, suggesting cross-language transfer from L1 to L2 only. Results underscore the importance of auditory processing for reading across variable learning contexts.A large body of research has demonstrated the importance of early sensitivity to the phonological structure of words for children learning their first language (e.g. Wagner, Torgesen & Rashotte, 1994). However, very little is known about how the phonology of a second language is acquired and the way first (L1) and second language (L2) sound systems develop and interact. Reading in L1 and L2 may involve different, multifaceted phonological representations that are built from phonological awareness, speech perception and general auditory processing (e.g. Boets, Wouters, van Wieringen & Ghesquière, 2006; Schulte-Körne, Bartling, Deimel & Remschmidt, 1999). Zhang and McBride-Chang (2010) hypothesised a developmental model of word reading in which general auditory processing precedes and helps shape speech perception, which in turn