General framework for revising class A3 refrigerant charge limits – a discussion

Colbourne, D; Suen, K.O.; Li, T.-X.; Vince, Ivan; Vonsild, A

doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.04.024

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The allowable charge quantity for R290 HPs installed in an enclosed space can only reach the upper charge limits if additional measures such as gas detection and ventilation are implemented [25]. However, such safety precautions impose additional challenges that mainly focus on risk assessments regarding 1) the dynamic behavior of refrigerant leakage and dispersion in room enclosures [26] and 2) refrigerant concentration analyses for other types of compartments (including indoor units [27], cabinets [28], car engines, and passenger spaces [29]).…”

Section: Challenges Hindering Wider Application Of Propane Heat Pumpmentioning

confidence: 99%

A thermal network model for hydrocarbon heat pump systems: A coupling analysis of configuration, working condition, and refrigeration distribution

Liang

Zhu

Sun

et al. 2022

Energy Conversion and Management

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Section: Challenges Hindering Wider Application Of Propane Heat Pumpmentioning

confidence: 99%

A thermal network model for hydrocarbon heat pump systems: A coupling analysis of configuration, working condition, and refrigeration distribution

Liang

Zhu

Sun

et al. 2022

Energy Conversion and Management

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“…Recently, Colbourne and Suen 20 have reported that the charge limits could be revised to enable a wider application of A3 refrigerants, with respect to safety regulations and associated implications, concepts and approaches available in published literature. A better method to arrive at charge limits was also proposed.…”

Section: Studies On Refrigerant Leakage From Room Air Conditionersmentioning

confidence: 99%

CFD simulation of HC-290 leakage from a split type room air conditioner

Prakash

Gautham

Lal

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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HC-290 is one of the alternatives to HCFC22 in room air-conditioners. With the phase-down schedules in Kigali Amendment, it is imperative to use HC-290. However, there are concerns about its flammability in the event of a leak from the AC indoor unit (IDU). IEC 60335-2-40 has been revised to extend the capacity ranges for A2L refrigerants and is being further revised with a focus on A2 and A3 refrigerants. In real-life situations, furniture and occupants are present inside the room and these may positively or negatively influence the dispersion of any leaked HC-290. CFD simulation of dispersion of leaked HC-290 has been carried out for a variety of scenarios. The variables include leakage rates, IDU installation heights, IDU blower ON or OFF and types of furniture. Furniture, in general, appears to promote mixing, thereby reducing HC-290 stratification. The maximum concentration occurs on the side where the leak is directed by the momentum of the jet from IDU. There is no significant effect on the concentration distribution by the type and size of furniture with legs, although solid furniture has some marginal effect due to reduction of room free volume. The average concentration of HC-290 in the room is slightly more when the solid furniture like cupboards are placed some distance away from the IDU. The highest concentration at 30 cm above floor level, is 44% of LFL when the blower is ON, while it is 62% when the blower is OFF.

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“…These features limited its use to small refrigeration systems, e.g., air conditioners installed outside buildings, and hermetic commercial equipment and chilled water units. It was assumed that the filling in the chiller would not exceed 150 g of propane in order to ensure the safety of the designed device [30]. In addition, a special electrical equipment was also used to work in an explosive atmosphere.…”

Section: Refrigerant Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Operation Analysis of the Innovative MainBox Food Storage Device

Wróbel-Jędrzejewska

Polak

2021

Applied Sciences

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The development and construction of a prototype device (food parcel locker), consisting of small cooling and freezing chambers (boxes) ensuring temperature conditions (+5 C or −18 °C), enabling food storage were carried out. The innovative solutions have been introduced in the MainBox device: the appropriate construction of the device (materials, cooling installation), properly functioning systems (control of chillers, security, temperature monitoring), and propane as refrigerant (high energy efficiency, low global warming potential). The risk of explosion has been eliminated by closing of the cooling installation and reducing of propane amount. The refrigeration unit has been adapted to work in external conditions by installing additional elements (pressure switches for compressor protection and for condensing pressure control). In real conditions, the operation of the innovative MainBox food storage device allowing the receipt of food products without having to wait for a supplier was verified. The temperature distribution in all chambers of the cooling and freezing module was investigated using a thermal imaging camera and a temperature monitoring system. The correct operation of MainBox devices was verified during their loading with food products that require specific temperature conditions during storage.

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General framework for revising class A3 refrigerant charge limits – a discussion

Abstract: D. Colbourne (a) * , K. O. Suen (b) , T-X Li, (c) , I. Vince (d) , A. Vonsild (e) (a) Re-phridge, c/o HEAT GmbH,

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

A thermal network model for hydrocarbon heat pump systems: A coupling analysis of configuration, working condition, and refrigeration distribution

A thermal network model for hydrocarbon heat pump systems: A coupling analysis of configuration, working condition, and refrigeration distribution

CFD simulation of HC-290 leakage from a split type room air conditioner

The Operation Analysis of the Innovative MainBox Food Storage Device

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