General Introduction: Evaluation of Diagnostic Procedures

Knottnerus, J. André; Buntinx, Frank; Weel, Chris van

doi:10.1002/9781444300574.ch1

Cited by 75 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Consequently, although the quality of the research literature relating to this question was generally poor, strong associations should nevertheless be apparent. RoSPA, UK, unpublished 88 Walsh, Newcastle, 1996 94 Lyons, South Wales, 1995 93 0.14 (0.13 -0.14) 100 LRs are preferable to sensitivity and specificity as they capture test performance for a specific marker (e.g. infancy) when multiple markers are possible (e.g.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Children Attending Aande For Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of screening tests for child physical abuse in accident and emergency departments

Woodman¹,

Pitt²,

Wentz³

et al. 2008

Health Technol Assess

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How to obtain copies of this and other HTA Programme reports. An electronic version of this publication, in Adobe Acrobat format, is available for downloading free of charge for personal use from the HTA website (www.hta.ac.uk). A fully searchable CD-ROM is also available (see below).Printed copies of HTA monographs cost £20 each (post and packing free in the UK) to both public and private sector purchasers from our Despatch Agents.Non-UK purchasers will have to pay a small fee for post and packing. For European countries the cost is £2 per monograph and for the rest of the world £3 per monograph.You can order HTA monographs from our Despatch Agents:-fax (with credit card or official purchase order) -post (with credit card or official purchase order or cheque) -phone during office hours (credit card only).Additionally the HTA website allows you either to pay securely by credit card or to print out your order and then post or fax it. Contact details are as follows: Payment methods Paying by chequeIf you pay by cheque, the cheque must be in pounds sterling, made payable to Direct Mail Works Ltd and drawn on a bank with a UK address. Paying by credit cardThe following cards are accepted by phone, fax, post or via the website ordering pages: Delta, Eurocard, Mastercard, Solo, Switch and Visa. We advise against sending credit card details in a plain email. Paying by official purchase orderYou can post or fax these, but they must be from public bodies (i.e. NHS or universities) within the UK. We cannot at present accept purchase orders from commercial companies or from outside the UK. How do I get a copy of HTA on CD?Please use the form on the HTA website (www.hta.ac.uk/htacd.htm). Or contact Direct Mail Works (see contact details above) by email, post, fax or phone. HTA on CD is currently free of charge worldwide.The website also provides information about the HTA Programme and lists the membership of the various committees. HTA NIHR Health Technology Assessment ProgrammeT he Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme, part of the National Institute for HealthResearch (NIHR), was set up in 1993. It produces high-quality research information on the effectiveness, costs and broader impact of health technologies for those who use, manage and provide care in the NHS. 'Health technologies' are broadly defined as all interventions used to promote health, prevent and treat disease, and improve rehabilitation and long-term care. The research findings from the HTA Programme directly influence decision-making bodies such as the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the National Screening Committee (NSC). HTA findings also help to improve the quality of clinical practice in the NHS indirectly in that they form a key component of the 'National Knowledge Service'. The HTA Programme is needs led in that it fills gaps in the evidence needed by the NHS. There are three routes to the start of projects. First is the commissioned route. Suggestions for research are actively sought from people working in t...

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Section: Characteristics Of Children Attending Aande For Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of screening tests for child physical abuse in accident and emergency departments

Woodman¹,

Pitt²,

Wentz³

et al. 2008

Health Technol Assess

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In field studies involving bovine brucellosis a perfect gold standard is not available and a less than perfect standard must be employed [18,20]. As a standard, bacterial culture combines high specificity with a relatively…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, studies which employ the bacterial culture reference standard tend to overestimate the index test's sensitivity owing to the positive correlation between culture positive animals with immunologically more advanced cases, which are not truly representative of the infected target population [18,20,35]. Serological tests are less cumbersome, safer and more economical than bacterial culture; however, no single test can accurately detect all stages of brucellosis [27].…”

Section: Evaluating the Brucellin Skin Test As An Additional Test To mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Brucellin Skin Test as an Additional Test to Control Bovine Brucellosis

Nyanhongo¹

2017

SOJMID

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Brucellosis is a bacterial disease of high veterinary importance, besides being a significant zoonosis worldwide. It is characterised by variable, and at times long and latent, incubation periods, which makes its control and eradication a challenging effort. No single test is able to identify all stages of the disease with high sensitivity. The brucellin skin test, which has been proved to identify some acute and chronic latent stages of brucellosis, has not been validated in South Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the brucellin skin test in brucellosis free, as well as confirmed infected cattle herds, under South African commercial farming conditions. The results indicate that the brucellin skin test has a high specificity (99.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 98.1% -99.7%)), and that despite a relatively low sensitivity (42.9 % (95% CI: 30.5% -56.0%)), it was able to identify all the infected herds and detect more infected heifers in infected herds when compared to the routinely used Rose Bengal Test and Complement Fixation Test. It was concluded that the brucellin skin test could be used in parallel with serological tests to improve the sensitivity of the current diagnostic strategy in chronically infected herds where eradication of the disease has proven problematic. Removal of more infected heifers would decrease infection pressure and streamline vaccination towards heifers not exposed to Brucella abortus.

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“…Design-related bias produced by these "low-quality" studies has also been shown empirically [57]. Nonetheless, because more attention has been paid in recent years to the evaluation of diagnostic tests and their report [58][59][60], the quality of primary studies is expected to improve.…”

Section: Variability Of Diagnostic Accuracy Indices-for a Fixed Cutofmentioning

confidence: 99%

The true treatment benefit is unpredictable in clinical trials using surrogate outcome measured with diagnostic tests

Kassaï

Shah

Leizorovicza

et al. 2005

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

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Background and Objectives-Clinical trials increasingly use results of diagnostic tests as surrogate outcomes. Our objective was to answer the following questions: (1) is the parameter measured by the reference standard a valid surrogate? (2) How does the tests accuracy influence the estimate of the treatment benefit on surrogate? (3) Is it possible to correct the measured treatment effect given by results of inaccurate tests?Methods and Setting-We reviewed the literature on asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT), detected by the reference standard and other imaging techniques, as surrogate for venous thromboembolism. The influence of test inaccuracy on the measurement of treatment benefit was calculated as a function of the patient baseline risk, the treatment effect model, and test performances.Results-We show that: (1) asymptomatic DVT is correlated with clinical outcomes but is yet to be established as a surrogate; (2) inaccurate diagnostic test underestimates the treatment effect on surrogate; (3) the prevalence of the disease, the treatment effect model, and the accuracy of the test and the reference standard used to evaluate it need to be known to correct this underestimation.Conclusion-Even when the surrogate end point is valid, without a reliable study of the diagnostic test we cannot quantify the true treatment effect.

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General Introduction: Evaluation of Diagnostic Procedures

Abstract: Chapter 1 (continued ) r To make the step from research to practice, clinical decision analysis, cost-effectiveness studies, and quality-of-care research, including implementation studies, are important.

Cited by 75 publications

References 62 publications

Performance of screening tests for child physical abuse in accident and emergency departments

Performance of screening tests for child physical abuse in accident and emergency departments

Evaluating the Brucellin Skin Test as an Additional Test to Control Bovine Brucellosis

The true treatment benefit is unpredictable in clinical trials using surrogate outcome measured with diagnostic tests

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