General mirror for adaptive optical systems

Wavefront reversal (phase conjugation) using a MEMS spatial phase modulator (SPM) integrated with a metasurface retro-array: a proposal

“…One major class of phase error that is serviced by the adaptive optics community is that of piston errors. The field of adaptive optics 1,2,3,4 is dedicated to providing various modalities to compensate for piston errors, typically, in closed-loop servo configurations, including MEMS spatial phase modulators (SPM) ---a special case of a spatial light modulator (SLM) ---PZT-driven reflective elements (sometimes referred to as "rubber mirrors"), and liquid crystal spatial phase modulators, all with application to low-power (microscopy, astronomy, compensated imaging) and high-power (manufacturing, aerospace, directed energy) end uses. Typical response times range from 100 msec to sub-µsec; and piston throws range from sub-microns to many wavelengths (many µm).…”

“…The reader is referred to many texts, conference proceedings, commercial devices and systems, as well as abundant literature in the areas of spatial phase modulators (so-called "rubber mirrors") and retroreflectors for background, as these areas of endeavor have been in existence for over a half-a-century 1,2,3,4 .…”

“…It is well-known that deformable mirrors or MEMS SLMs can compensate for piston errors in a closed-loop, adaptive optics configuration 1,2,3,4 . However, most aberrated beams possess local tilt errors beyond only piston errors and global tilts.…”

Compensated laser vibrometry using wavefront-reversal via a MEMS SLM integrated with a metasurface retro-array: a proposal

“…One major class of phase error that is serviced by the adaptive optics community is that of piston errors. The field of adaptive optics 20,21,22,23 is dedicated to providing various modalities to compensate for piston errors, typically, in closed-loop servo configurations, including MEMS spatial phase modulators (SPM) ---a special case of a spatial light modulator (SLM) ---PZT-driven reflective elements (sometimes referred to as "rubber mirrors"), and liquid crystal spatial phase modulators, all with application to low-power (microscopy, astronomy, compensated imaging) and high-power (manufacturing, aerospace, directed energy) end uses. Typical response times range from 100 msec to sub-µsec; and piston throws range from sub-microns to many wavelengths (many µm).…”

“…It is well-known that deformable mirrors or MEMS SLMs can compensate for piston errors in a closed-loop, adaptive optics configuration 20,21,22,23 . However, most aberrated beams possess local tilt errors beyond only piston errors and global tilts.…”