Generalization gradients in human predictive learning: Effects of discrimination training and within-subjects testing

Vervliet, Bram; Iberico, Carlos; Vervoort, Ellen; Baeyens, Frank

doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2011.03.004

Cited by 15 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…First, they demonstrate that generalization modulates pain reports and—although somewhat less consistently across studies—SCR to pain. This extends previous findings that have shown generalization of threat responses (Dunsmoor, Prince, Murty, Kragel, & LaBar; Lissek et al, 2008; Vervliet, Iberico, Vervoort, & Baeyens, 2011), fear of movement-related pain (e.g., Meulders & Vlaeyen, 2013), and reward learning (Guttman & Kalish, 1956; Kahnt et al, 2012). Second, generalization was observed for both perceptually and conceptually similar stimuli, suggesting that it cannot be explained purely on the basis of a lack of discrimination between CS and generalization stimuli, but that generalization is an active and conceptual process (Dunsmoor & Paz, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Generalization of learned pain modulation depends on explicit learning

2018

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The experience of pain is strongly influenced by contextual and socio-affective factors, including learning from previous experiences. Pain is typically perceived as more intense when preceded by a conditioned cue (CS) that has previously been associated with higher pain intensities, compared to cues associated with lower intensities (CS). In three studies (total N=134), we tested whether this learned pain modulation generalizes to perceptually similar cues (Studies 1 and 2) and conceptually similar cues (Study 3). The results showed that participants report higher pain when heat stimulation was preceded by novel stimuli that were either perceptually (Studies 1 and 2) or conceptually (Study 3) similar to the previously conditioned CS. In all three studies, the strength of this generalization effect was strongly correlated with individual differences in explicitly learned expectations. Together, these findings suggest an important role of conscious expectations and higher-order conceptual inference during generalization of learned pain modulation. We discuss implications for the understanding of placebo and nocebo effects as well as for chronic pain and anxiety.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Generalization of learned pain modulation depends on explicit learning

2018

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“…Further investigation of the relationship between adolescent trajectories and (risk of) adult anxiety is needed; however, our findings support the suggestion that clinical interventions to promote better discrimination between threat and safety cues (Vervliet et al, 2011;Dunsmoor and LaBar, 2013) could prove increasingly useful through adolescence.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Thus interventions to improve discrimination between threat and safety cues (Dunsmoor and LaBar, 2013;Vervliet et al, 2011) might be more effective in alleviating anxiety amongst older adolescents. Future research should also investigate gender differences in adolescent fear responses to safety cues, especially given evidence suggesting adolescent gender differences in PFC activation while viewing fearful faces (YurgelunTodd and Killgore, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear responses to safety cues in anxious adolescents: Preliminary evidence for atypical age-associated trajectories of functional neural circuits

Haddad¹,

Bilderbeck²,

James³

et al. 2015

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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Adolescent anxiety is common and impairing and often persists into adulthood. There is growing evidence that adult anxiety is characterized by abnormal fear responses to threat and safety cues, along with perturbations in fear-related neural circuits. Although some of this work has been extended to adolescents, with promising results, it is not yet clear whether changes in these circuits across developmental age varies between anxious and non-anxious adolescents. Here we used fMRI to examine how age modulates neural responses as adolescents are exposed to threat and safety cues. Participants were 15 anxious and 11 non-anxious adolescents (age 12-17) who completed a fear conditioning paradigm. The paradigm incorporated a threat cue comprising a neutral face which was paired with a fearful, screaming face, a safety cue comprising a different neutral face, and a control stimulus. Across the whole sample, neural activation to the threat cue (relative to the control cue) correlated positively with age in a number of regions, including the dorsal anterior cingulate and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, neural activation to the safety cue (relative to the control cue) was modulated differently by age in the two groups: a more positive association between activation and age was observed in the control group compared to the anxious group in various regions including medial and dorsolateral PFC, anterior insula, and amygdala. These findings suggest that maturation of the neural substrates of fear responses to safety cues may be perturbed in anxious adolescents, potentially contributing to the emergence and maintenance of anxiety disorders in adulthood.

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“…) affected by the learning context. A steeper gradient reflects highly specific discrimination that can result from discrimination training with two stimuli (a CS+ and a CS−; Jenkins and Harrison, 1960), or from the type of generalization testing procedure adopted (e.g., although generalization gradients could be flat for both CS+ and CS−, extinction may be faster for stimuli more similar to the CS+; Vervliet et al, 2011).…”

Section: Similarity-based Stimulus Generalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of reward motivation on human declarative memory

Miendlarzewska

Bavelier

Schwartz

2016

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

150

134

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a b s t r a c tMotivational relevance can prioritize information for memory encoding and consolidation based on reward value. In this review, we pinpoint the possible psychological and neural mechanisms by which reward promotes learning, from guiding attention to enhancing memory consolidation. We then discuss how reward value can spill-over from one conditioned stimulus to a non-conditioned stimulus. Such generalization can occur across perceptually similar items or through more complex relations, such as associative or logical inferences. Existing evidence suggests that the neurotransmitter dopamine boosts the formation of declarative memory for rewarded information and may also control the generalization of reward values. In particular, temporally-correlated activity in the hippocampus and in regions of the dopaminergic circuit may mediate value-based decisions and facilitate cross-item integration. Given the importance of generalization in learning, our review points to the need to study not only how reward affects later memory but how learned reward values may generalize to related representations and ultimately alter memory structure.

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Generalization gradients in human predictive learning: Effects of discrimination training and within-subjects testing

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Generalization of learned pain modulation depends on explicit learning

Generalization of learned pain modulation depends on explicit learning

Fear responses to safety cues in anxious adolescents: Preliminary evidence for atypical age-associated trajectories of functional neural circuits

Influence of reward motivation on human declarative memory

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