Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Rowa, Karen; Waechter, Stephanie; Hood, Heather K.; Antony, Martin M.

doi:10.1002/9781394258949.ch4

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 205 publications

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“…There may also be a genetic component that contributes to the variability in optimism as it has been suggested that additive genetic factors account for about a third of the variation in optimism levels (Bates, 2015;Mosing et al, 2009) Additionally, the simulations in experiment 1 found that an agent who was exposed to more negatively valenced events and had lower optimism also had a likelihood matrix that resulted in more high arousal outcomes. Individuals with anxiety can experience more high arousal states (Alkozei et al, 2015;Beidel et al, 1985;Rowa et al, 2017), and this symptom of anxiety is plausibly shown in the likelihood matrix results for some low optimism agents. In contrast, agents who were exposed to more positive valenced events with higher optimism had a flat likelihood matrix, meaning that high and low arousal are experienced equally; we would expect this likelihood mapping for a healthy individual.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Experiment 1: Simulating Loss of Optimism Bias Individuals with higher optimism have improved cardiovascular responses to stress, which leads to healthy arousal outcomes (Terrill et al, 2010). In contrast, individuals with anxiety can experience high arousal (Alkozei et al, 2015;Beidel et al, 1985;Rowa et al, 2017). To explore how optimism may be related to arousal we use a hierarchical active inference model.…”

Section: Simulation Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Active Inference Model of the Optimism Bias

Fisher,

Whyte,

Hohwy

2024

Preprint

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The optimism bias is a cognitive bias where individuals overestimate the likelihood of good outcomes and underestimate the likelihood of bad outcomes. Associated with improved quality of life, optimism bias is considered to be adaptive and is a promising avenue of research for mental health interventions in conditions where individuals lack optimism such as major depressive disorder. Here we lay the groundwork for future research on optimism as an intervention by introducing a domain general formal model of optimism bias, which can be applied in different task settings. Employing the active inference framework, we propose a model of the optimism bias as precision over a positive outcome. First, we simulate how optimism may be lost during development by exposure to negative events. We then ground our model in the empirical literature by showing how the developmentally acquired differences in optimism are expressed in a belief updating task typically used to assess optimism bias. Finally, we show how optimism affects action in a modified two-armed bandit task. Our model and the simulations it affords provide a computational basis for understanding how optimism bias may emerge, how it may be expressed in standard tasks used to assess optimism, and how it affects agents’ decision-making and actions; in combination, this provides a basis for future research on optimism as a mental health intervention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Simulation Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Active Inference Model of the Optimism Bias

Fisher,

Whyte,

Hohwy

2024

Preprint

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The Effects of Exergaming on Fear of Falling and the Balance Function in Anxious and Non-Anxious Older Adults: A Pilot Study

Shamsoddini,

Cheraghifard,

Hollisaz

et al. 2024

Clinical Gerontologist

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Examining the effects of anxiety and education level on mental health: The role of spiritual intelligence as an intervening variable in post COVID-19 patients in Indonesia

Ansyori,

Yunus,

Imam

et al. 2024

F1000Res

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected global health systems and daily life, exacerbating vulnerabilities, particularly in Indonesia. This study investigates the impact of anxiety and education level on mental health, with spiritual intelligence as an intervening variable among post-COVID-19 patients in Indonesia. Methods A cross-sectional design was employed, analyzing data from 390 post-COVID-19 patients in Indonesia. Structured questionnaires were used to assess anxiety, education level, spiritual intelligence, and mental health. Results The findings indicate that anxiety significantly affects both spiritual intelligence and mental health, with spiritual intelligence acting as a mediating factor. Additionally, higher educational attainment is positively associated with enhanced spiritual intelligence and improved mental health outcomes. Conclusions The study underscores the importance of incorporating spiritual development practices into mental health interventions and educational programs to boost resilience and overall well-being in the post-pandemic era. These practices can help mitigate the adverse effects of anxiety and educational disparities on mental health.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Cited by 4 publications

References 205 publications

An Active Inference Model of the Optimism Bias

An Active Inference Model of the Optimism Bias

The Effects of Exergaming on Fear of Falling and the Balance Function in Anxious and Non-Anxious Older Adults: A Pilot Study

Examining the effects of anxiety and education level on mental health: The role of spiritual intelligence as an intervening variable in post COVID-19 patients in Indonesia

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