Generalized expectations of alcoholics: Multidimensional locus of control, hopelessness, and machiavellianism

Abstract

Compared five aspects of generalized expectations (internality, powerful others external control orientation, chance control orientation, hopelessness, and machiavellianism) of alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Ss tested were 56 nonalcoholics and 50 alcoholics just starting a treatment (middle socioeconomic class). Data analysis was done by a multivariate analysis of variance. The two samples differed in their generalized expectations. Alcoholics were, on the average, more external in powerful others control orientations, more external in chance control orientations, more hopeless, and more machiavellianistic than the nonalcoholics. The results support the findings of alcoholics' relative externality in locus of control of reiforcement and refer to the relevance of generalized expectations for the treatment of alcoholism.

Understandings and Images of Management Activities: A Comparative Study of United Kingdom and Hong Kong Teachers

“…The, relatively, low level of importance accorded to 'chance', compared with 'intention' and 'powerful others' as general explanations of school events corresponds, closely, with the findings of'attribution' writers concerning most student (Levenson, 1974;Krampen, 1980;Molinari and Niederche, ings ; suggesting again a common, formal school culture with teachers and pupils sharing a general belief in an ordered, work centred, environment.…”

“…They have, consistently, found in studies carried out for almost 20 years, that students over the entire age range, from a spread of abilities, from a variety of different cultures, whether male or female, invariably ranked effort/intention as the most important explanation of work achievement and other outcomes in schools and colleges. Studies of male and female college students in the United States of America (Levenson, 1974;Frieze, 1976; Molinari and Niederche, 1983), in West Germany (Krampen, 1980) and in the United Kingdom (Fontana, 1986) indicate the clear primacy they attribute to effort/intention. Summarising the research of student attributions, Whitley and Frieze (1985) suggest that students view the expenditure of effort as a fundamental expectation of the school environment.…”

`Why Can't They Do Anything for a Simple Back Problem?'

“…Expectations play a key role in the major models of health behaviour and have long been a concern from the standpoint of treatment evaluation. In the area of health care interactions some expectancies are quite general, such as care seekers' general beliefs about illness (Kirscht, 1972;Krampen, 1980;Strickland, 1978), while others are quite specific, such as lay beliefs about the symptoms associated with a particular illness (Jones, 1990).…”

Faith-placed cardiovascular health promotion: a framework for contextual and organizational factors underlying program success

“…At the prospect of exercise or dietary restriction, those with fatalistic beliefs may resort instead to prayer [88]. Such beliefs are common with respect to mental illness.…”