Generalized verrucosis: A review of the associated diseases, evaluation, and treatments

Sri, Jennifer C.; Dubina, Meghan; Kao, Grace F.; Rády, Peter L.; Tyring, Stephen K.; Gaspari, Anthony A.

doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.12.011

Cited by 61 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 146 publications

(199 reference statements)

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“…Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is the prototypical virus-mediated epithelial cancer (28, 29). Infection by the α-genus of HPV (particularly genotypes HPV-16, −18, −31, −33) is most often associated with this disease, while condylomata of genital-mucosal sites are associated with the α-HPVs HPV-6 and HPV-11.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infection by the α-genus of HPV (particularly genotypes HPV-16, −18, −31, −33) is most often associated with this disease, while condylomata of genital-mucosal sites are associated with the α-HPVs HPV-6 and HPV-11. More recently, infection by the α-genus HPVs has been implicated as a cause of a subset of head and neck SCC (28) and of both cutaneous warts or verrucae and squamous cell carcinoma of genitomucosal surfaces and cutaneous sites in immunocompromised patient populations (29). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of Beta-HPV Infection and UV Damage to Rapid-Onset Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma during BRAF-Inhibition Therapy

Cohen

Lawson

Shaver

et al. 2015

Clinical Cancer Research

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Purpose BRAF-inhibition (BRAFi) therapy for advanced melanoma carries a high rate of secondary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and risk of other cancers. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and α-genus human papillomavirus (HPV) are highly associated with SCC, but a novel role for β-genus HPV is suspected in BRAFi-cSCC. Cutaneous β-HPV may act in concert with host and environmental factors in BRAFi-cSCC. Experimental Design Primary BRAFi-cSCC tissue DNA isolated from patients receiving vemurafenib (Vem) or dabrafenib from two cancer centers was analyzed for the presence of cutaneous oncogenic viruses and host genetic mutations. Diagnostic specimens underwent consensus dermatopathology review. Clinical parameters for UV exposure and disease course were statistically analyzed in conjunction with histopathology. Results Twenty-nine patients contributed 69 BRAFi-cSCC lesions. BRAFi-cSCC had wart-like features (BRAFi-cSCC-WF) in 22% of specimens. During Vem therapy, BRAFi-cSCC-WF arose 11.6 weeks more rapidly than conventional-cSCC when controlled for gender and UV-exposure (p-value=0.03). Among all BRAFi-cSCC, β-genus HPV-17, HPV-38, HPV-111 were most frequently isolated and novel β-HPV genotypes were discovered (CTR, CRT-11, CRT-22). Sequencing revealed 63% of evaluated BRAFi-cSCCs harbored RAS mutations with PIK3CA, CKIT, ALK and EGFR mutations also detected. Conclusions We examined clinical, histopathologic, viral and genetic parameters in BRAFi-cSCC demonstrating rapid onset; wart-like histomorphology; β-HPV-17, HPV-38, and HPV-111 infection; UV damage; and novel ALK and CKIT mutations. Discovered β-HPV genotypes expand the spectrum of tumor-associated viruses. These findings enhance our understanding of factors cooperating with BRAF inhibition that accelerate keratinocyte oncogenesis as well as broaden the knowledge base of multifactorial mediators of cancer in general.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Beta-HPV Infection and UV Damage to Rapid-Onset Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma during BRAF-Inhibition Therapy

Cohen

Lawson

Shaver

et al. 2015

Clinical Cancer Research

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“…However, understanding the different categories of EV helps in differentiating it from other causes of generalized verrucosis, which has clinical significance because of the importance in HPV typing. Certain EV‐specific HPV subtypes, particularly HPV‐5 and ‐8, are considered high risk for classic genetic EV lesions developing into squamous cell carcinoma . Unfortunately, there is little information on the risk of progression to malignancy in non‐classic genetic and acquired EV lesions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generalized verrucosis is characteristic of EV and other immunocompromised states such as warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome. Thus, EV can be considered a subset of generalized verrucosis . Importantly, EV is associated with certain HPV subtypes or EV‐specific HPVs (3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19–25, 28, 29, 36, 46, 47, 49, and 50), which is essential in its diagnosis …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel approach to the classification of epidermodysplasia verruciformis

Huang

Lewis

et al. 2018

Int J Dermatology

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“…Warts, benign HPV-induced lesions, usually regress spontaneously within several months. Immunodeficiency predisposes to persistent HPV infections and the development of generalized verrucosis ( 2 , 3 ). …”

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confidence: 99%