In this article we describe a concept for a new type of material, which we call claytronics , made out of very large numbers-potentially millionsof submillimeter-sized spherical robots. While still only a concept, we have completed a considerable amount of initial design and experimentation work, enough at this point to allow us to understand what is readily achievable within a short time frame (less than a decade) and also to identify some of the most significant technical challenges yet to be overcome. To date, we have developed and analyzed several promising engineering designs, conducted numerous large-scale experiments on a high-fidelity physics-based simulator, and successfully carried out several prototype three-dimensional (3D) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) manufacturing runs. These experiences lead us to believe that there are no fundamental software or hardware barriers to realizing claytronics on a large scale and within a few years.While the most fundamental purpose of our research on claytronics is to understand manufacturing and programming of very large ensembles of independently actuated computing devices, it is also clear that such a material would have numerous practical applications, ranging from shape-shifting radio antennas (important for software-defined radios) to 3D fax machines. Perhaps our most fanciful-sounding application, however, is motivated by one of the most basic of human needs: to communicate and interact with others. Two centuries ago, the only practical way to carry on a real-time conversation with