Generation Characteristics of Nanoparticles Emitted from Subways in Operation

Lee, Yongil; Choi, Kyomin; Jung, Wonseog; Versoza, Michael; Barabad, Mona Loraine M.; Kim, Taesung; Park, Duckshin

doi:10.4209/aaqr.2017.11.0439

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Subway systems relieve traffic congestion in metropolitan areas as an environmentally friendly means of transportation [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]; however, human exposure to air pollutants in subway systems is a concern [ 6 ]. Particulate matter (PM) exerts detrimental effects on health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PM in subway tunnels originates from operation of the subway, ventilation, and re-suspension of settled PM [ 2 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Many studies reported high levels of PM in subway tunnels and determined its chemical composition [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to previous field studies, wear PM with peak diameters of 100, 350, and 300–700 nm is emitted during mechanical braking [ 3 ]. In addition, wear PM with peak diameters of 6.98 and 165.5 nm is emitted from the wheel–rail interface during electrical braking [ 2 ]. This PM in subway tunnels could penetrate the subway cabin via heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and outflow via the ventilation system in the tunnel into the city.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sources and Characteristics of Particulate Matter in Subway Tunnels in Seoul, Korea

Lee

Kim

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Hazards related to particulate matter (PM) in subway systems necessitate improvement of the air quality. As a first step toward establishing a management strategy, we assessed the physicochemical characteristics of PM in a subway system in Seoul, South Korea. The mean mass of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations (n = 13) were 213.7 ± 50.4 and 78.4 ± 8.8 µg/m3, with 86.0% and 85.9% of mass concentration. Chemical analysis using a thermal–optical elemental/organic carbon (EC–OC) analyzer, ion chromatography (IC), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy indicated that the chemical components in the subway tunnel comprised 86.0% and 85.9% mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5. Fe was the most abundant element in subway tunnels, accounting for higher proportions of PM, and was detected in PM with diameters >94 nm. Fe was present mostly as iron oxides, which were emitted from the wheel–rail–brake and pantograph–catenary wire interfaces. Copper particles were 96–150 nm in diameter and were likely emitted via catenary wire arc discharges. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that the PM in subway tunnels was composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), quartz (SiO2), and iron oxides (hematite (α-Fe2O3) and maghemite-C (γ-Fe2O3)). Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the PM in subway tunnels existed as agglomerates of iron oxide particle clusters a few nanometers in diameter, which were presumably generated at the aforementioned interfaces and subsequently attached onto other PM, enabling the growth of aggregates. Our results can help inform the management of PM sources from subway operation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sources and Characteristics of Particulate Matter in Subway Tunnels in Seoul, Korea

Lee

Kim

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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“…On rail subways, the nanoparticles are made up of Fe, and their concentration, number and size are dependent on the train speed, pressure exerted on the rails, material of rails and wheels, lubricants used to reduce the wear, and on the temperature generated by the rail-wheel contact [60]. The nanoparticles concentrations are much higher than those above the ground [61].…”

Section: Atmospheric Nanoparticles In Different Urban Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress Produced by Urban Atmospheric Nanoparticles

Mitrea¹,

Toader²,

Hoteiuc³

2020

Nanomaterials - Toxicity, Human Health and Environment

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In urban areas, the diesel-fuelled and bio-fuelled vehicles represent the major sources of nanoparticles complemented by nanotechnology with different types of particles, in addition to natural and to other anthropogenic sources. The atmospheric nanoparticles differ in composition, size, shape or oxidant capacity, presenting a large variability that causes difficulties in their measurements and health impact identification. The oxidative stress can be initiated by atmospheric nanoparticles through different mechanisms: interaction between nanoparticles and tissue cells, cellular internalisation of nanoparticles, activation of signalling pathways, decrease of the cellular antioxidants, activation of the pro-inflammatory cascade, lipid peroxidation, activation of cellular signalling pathway that leads to apoptosis, etc. Ultrafine particles (<100 nm) represent ~80% of the total atmospheric particles and produce inflammation through oxidative stress mechanisms. The atmospheric nanoparticles can penetrate the skin and can be inhaled or ingested affecting different organs and leading to different diseases: neurodegeneration, thrombogenesis, atherosclerosis, asthma, lung cancer, heart arrest, etc.

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“…Very different particle sizes can be found in airborne NP present in train stations [27]. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effects of iron oxides nanoparticles of two different sizes (20 and 100 nm) on macrophages at a single and subtoxic exposure concentration of 1 mg/mL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Nanoparticles Characteristics on the Cellular Responses: The Example of Iron Oxide and Macrophages

et al. 2020

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Iron oxide nanoparticles/microparticles are widely present in a variety of environments, e.g., as a byproduct of steel and iron degradation, as, for example, in railway brakes (e.g., metro station) or in welding fumes. As all particulate material, these metallic nanoparticles are taken up by macrophages, a cell type playing a key role in the innate immune response, including pathogen removal phagocytosis, secretion of free radical species such as nitric oxide or by controlling inflammation via cytokine release. In this paper, we evaluated how macrophages functions were altered by two iron based particles of different size (100 nm and 20 nm). We showed that at high, but subtoxic concentrations (1 mg/mL, large nanoparticles induced stronger perturbations in macrophages functions such as phagocytic capacity (tested with fluorescent latex microspheres) and the ability to respond to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide stimulus (LPS) in secreting nitric oxide and pro-cytokines (e.g., Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)). These stronger effects may correlate with an observed stronger uptake of iron for the larger nanoparticles.

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Generation Characteristics of Nanoparticles Emitted from Subways in Operation

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Sources and Characteristics of Particulate Matter in Subway Tunnels in Seoul, Korea

Sources and Characteristics of Particulate Matter in Subway Tunnels in Seoul, Korea

Oxidative Stress Produced by Urban Atmospheric Nanoparticles

Influences of Nanoparticles Characteristics on the Cellular Responses: The Example of Iron Oxide and Macrophages

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