Generation of coherent phonons in ruby

Ganapolskii, E.M.; Makovetskii, D. N.

doi:10.1016/0038-1098(74)91355-6

Cited by 14 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…Following the observation of phonon amplification in microwave-pumped ruby [1] in 1964, the possibility of "phonon lasing" was suggested. Subsequent work in ruby studied the emission spectrum of phonon generation [2] and multimode processes [3]. With the advent of optical pumping, detailed studies of the coherence of phonon emission were enabled [4], culminating in a ruby "saser" [5].…”

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Mode Competition and Anomalous Cooling in a Multimode Phonon Laser

et al. 2014

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We study mode competition in a multimode "phonon laser" comprised of an optical cavity employing a highly reflective membrane as the output coupler. Mechanical gain is provided by the intracavity radiation pressure, to which many mechanical modes are coupled. We calculate the gain, and find that strong oscillation in one mode suppresses the gain in other modes. For sufficiently strong oscillation, the gain of the other modes actually switches sign and becomes damping, a process we call "anomalous cooling." We demonstrate that mode competition leads to single-mode operation and find excellent agreement with our theory, including anomalous cooling.Introduction. -While the laser was invented more than five decades ago, its acoustic analog has only recently been realized. Following the observation of phonon amplification in microwave-pumped ruby [1] in 1964, the possibility of "phonon lasing" was suggested. Subsequent work in ruby studied the emission spectrum of phonon generation[2] and multimode processes [3]. With the advent of optical pumping, detailed studies of the coherence of phonon emission were enabled[4], culminating in a ruby "saser" [5]. Shortly thereafter, phonon lasing was realized in a harmonically bound Mg + ion driven by optical forces [6]. Subsequently, it was recognized that a large class of optomechanical systems, in which optically furnished gain enables self-sustained mechanical oscillation, are properly called "phonon lasers" [7]. These include beams [7,8] and cantilevers [9] coupled to an optical cavity, microtoroids [10,11], and a cantilever deriving mechanical gain from optical bandgap excitation [12]. Analogous electromechanical [13,14] and purely mechanical [15] systems have also been discussed. Various phenomena associated with lasers, such as stimulated emission [6], oscillation threshold [6,7,11,12,15], gain narrowing [15], and injection locking [16], have been demonstrated.With few exceptions, these investigations have involved a single mechanical mode. Multimode emission was observed in ruby [2,3], and two-mode oscillation was observed in a photothermally coupled optomechanical system [9]. Intermodal coupling in an electromechanical system was exploited to realize a phonon laser without an optical pump [15]. In the domain of conventional lasers, an interesting and important feature arises when multimode operation is considered. As shown by Lamb in 1964[17], a saturation phenomenon occurs in which oscillation of one mode suppresses the gain of other modes. This has the dramatic consequence that, in the absence of inhomogeneous gain broadening, a laser oscillates in steady state on a single mode, even when the small-signal gain exceeds the losses for more than one mode [18].In view of the multimode oscillation observed in the photothermal system [9], it is natural to ask whether a phonon laser employing pure radiation pressure coupling

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Mode Competition and Anomalous Cooling in a Multimode Phonon Laser

et al. 2014

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“…This phenomenon is very similar to the usual paramagnetic maser gain of electromagnetic field [3,4]. But if the phonon gain is large enough to exceed the phonon losses in the solid-state resonator, the self-excitation of laser-like phonon emission is possible [5,6,7]. The wavelength of generated microwavefrequency phonons in such phonon laser lies usually in optical or near-infrared range (due to very small velocity of sound in crystals, which is about 5 orders less than the light velocity).…”

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“…The wavelength of generated microwavefrequency phonons in such phonon laser lies usually in optical or near-infrared range (due to very small velocity of sound in crystals, which is about 5 orders less than the light velocity). In this sence microwave phonon laser (phaser) is more close relative of the optical laser, than terahertz phonon laser (saser), having much shorter wavelength (see [8] and references therein).Almost all early experiments with microwave phonon lasers [5,6,7] were carried out in autonomous regime, when the control parameters of the active system remain unchanged during the whole time of measurement. Various regular and chaotic processes of generation of microwave phonons in a multimode nonautonomous phaser was experimentally observed and studied [9] for ω m ≈ ω R ≈ 20-300 Hz, where ω m is the pumping modulation frequency, ω R is the relaxation frequency of a nonequilibrium autonomous acoustic system (ω R depends on pumping level).…”

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“…Almost all early experiments with microwave phonon lasers [5,6,7] were carried out in autonomous regime, when the control parameters of the active system remain unchanged during the whole time of measurement. Various regular and chaotic processes of generation of microwave phonons in a multimode nonautonomous phaser was experimentally observed and studied [9] for ω m ≈ ω R ≈ 20-300 Hz, where ω m is the pumping modulation frequency, ω R is the relaxation frequency of a nonequilibrium autonomous acoustic system (ω R depends on pumping level).…”

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A nonlinear dynamics of stimulated phonon emission in a nonautonomous acoustic quantum generator under superlow-frequency-modulated pumping conditions

Makovetskii

2001

Tech. Phys. Lett.

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An unusual nonlinear resonance was experimentally observed in a ruby phonon laser (phaser) operating at 9 GHz with an electromagnetic pumping at 23 GHz. The resonance is manifested by very slow cooperative self-detunings in the microwave spectra of stimulated phonon emission when pumping is modulated at a superlow frequency (less than 10 Hz). During the self-detuning cycle new and new narrow phonon modes are sequentially "fired" on one side of the spectrum and approximately the same number of modes are "extinguished" on the other side, up to a complete generation breakdown in a certain final portion of the frequency axis. This is usually followed by a short-time refractority, after which the generation is fired again in the opposite (starting) portion of the frequency axis. The entire process of such cooperative spectral motions is repeated with high degree of regularity. The self-detuning period strongly depends on difference between the modulation frequency and the resonance frequency. This period is incommensurable with period of modulation. It increases to very large values (more than 100 s) when pointed difference is less than 0.05 Hz. The revealed phenomenon is a kind of global spin-phonon self-organization. All microwave modes of phonon laser oscillate with the same period, but with different, strongly determined phase shifts -as in optical lasers with antiphase motions.PACS numbers: 05.65.+b, 42.65.Sf, 43.35.+d Phonon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation was predicted theoretically in [1] and experimentally observed in microwave range by several groups [2] in 1960-1970-th. This phenomenon is very similar to the usual paramagnetic maser gain of electromagnetic field [3,4]. But if the phonon gain is large enough to exceed the phonon losses in the solid-state resonator, the self-excitation of laser-like phonon emission is possible [5,6,7]. The wavelength of generated microwavefrequency phonons in such phonon laser lies usually in optical or near-infrared range (due to very small velocity of sound in crystals, which is about 5 orders less than the light velocity). In this sence microwave phonon laser (phaser) is more close relative of the optical laser, than terahertz phonon laser (saser), having much shorter wavelength (see [8] and references therein).Almost all early experiments with microwave phonon lasers [5,6,7] were carried out in autonomous regime, when the control parameters of the active system remain unchanged during the whole time of measurement. Various regular and chaotic processes of generation of microwave phonons in a multimode nonautonomous phaser was experimentally observed and studied [9] for ω m ≈ ω R ≈ 20-300 Hz, where ω m is the pumping modulation frequency, ω R is the relaxation frequency of a nonequilibrium autonomous acoustic system (ω R depends on pumping level). The existence of a single dominating component exp(iω R t) for the transient processes in the autonomous phonon laser reflects the collective character of a multimode stimulated emission [10] in the quantum ...

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“…2 5 ,3 6 Paramagnetic resonance experiments have shown that iron is incorporated substitutionally in the Ga sublattice, and acts as a deep acceptor. 37 At the Ga site, Fe loses 3+ S three electrons to the bonds, becoming Fe in a 3d configuration, and when an 2+ 6…”

Section: Iron In Undoped Gaasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Infrared Properties of Layer Semiconductors.

Braunstein¹

1986

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Generation of coherent phonons in ruby

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Mode Competition and Anomalous Cooling in a Multimode Phonon Laser

Mode Competition and Anomalous Cooling in a Multimode Phonon Laser

A nonlinear dynamics of stimulated phonon emission in a nonautonomous acoustic quantum generator under superlow-frequency-modulated pumping conditions

Characterization of Infrared Properties of Layer Semiconductors.

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