Generation of cosecant squared pattern from linear array of active and parasitic dipole antennas

Small planar antenna array design using length and spacing through Matlab‐HFSS interfacing

“…MATLAB software is used to do simulations. For the thin‐wire kernel calculation of Hellen's equation, the approach of moments employing an “Exact” approximation is applied, and the integral equation of Hellen is solved using “Pulse” basis functions [18]. The Gauss–Legendre quadrature integration formula (16 points) is used to do the integration.…”

“…As a result, developing a PAA with a primary feeding network is clearly of interest [15]. A technique for producing a pencil-beam pattern utilising a PAA provided by a single active source is described in Alvarez et al [16] The length and spacing of the array elements are used to synthesise antenna arrays, and this is discussed in the literature [17,18].…”

“…Patterns may be generated by adjusting the length and spacing of array elements. A MATLAB-based MoM tool is used to simulate and evaluate the performance of various PAA designs based on QPSO optimisation results [18,22,23].…”

“…The QPSO algorithm is thoroughly explained, because it performs better than other algorithms in several antennarelated scenarios [18,[24][25][26][27][28][29]. QPSO serves better than PSO and its variations on well-known benchmark functions [24,25].…”