Generation of high-intensity ultrasound through shock propagation in liquid jets

Blaj, G.; Liang, Mao; Aquila, Andrew; Willmott, P. R.; Koglin, Jason E.; Sierra, Raymond G.; Robinson, Joseph S.; Stan, Claudiu A.

doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.4.043401

Cited by 13 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…pressures are therefore expected for the longer distances of shockwave travel sampled in 1.1 MHz experiments 35 . This decrease is correspondingly larger when faster jets are used 20,30 (Supplementary Note 5), since the distance of shockwave travel is even larger.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Effect of X-ray free-electron laser-induced shockwaves on haemoglobin microcrystals delivered in a liquid jet

et al. 2021

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X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enable obtaining novel insights in structural biology. The recently available MHz repetition rate XFELs allow full data sets to be collected in shorter time and can also decrease sample consumption. However, the microsecond spacing of MHz XFEL pulses raises new challenges, including possible sample damage induced by shock waves that are launched by preceding pulses in the sample-carrying jet. We explored this matter with an X-ray-pump/X-ray-probe experiment employing haemoglobin microcrystals transported via a liquid jet into the XFEL beam. Diffraction data were collected using a shock-wave-free single-pulse scheme as well as the dual-pulse pump-probe scheme. The latter, relative to the former, reveals significant degradation of crystal hit rate, diffraction resolution and data quality. Crystal structures extracted from the two data sets also differ. Since our pump-probe attributes were chosen to emulate EuXFEL operation at its 4.5 MHz maximum pulse rate, this prompts concern about such data collection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Effect of X-ray free-electron laser-induced shockwaves on haemoglobin microcrystals delivered in a liquid jet

et al. 2021

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“…X-ray induced explosion of the jet was dramatically visualized in experiments performed by Stan et al at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), which imaged the effect of LCLS X-ray illumination on relatively slow and thick liquid jets of ∼20 μ m diameter 13 . This heating and pressure wave, 14 and energetic products from the ionization and vaporization, may influence the structure of protein crystals still upstream of the interaction region. The effects of any pressure wave are potentially more severe at the European XFEL due to the short time duration before the arrival of the next pulse, resulting in a smaller spacing between damaged and fresh samples at current sample delivery speeds of up to 100 m/s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of serial crystallographic structure determination within megahertz pulse trains

Yefanov

Oberthür

Bean

et al. 2019

Structural Dynamics

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The new European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) is the first X-ray free-electron laser capable of delivering intense X-ray pulses with a megahertz interpulse spacing in a wavelength range suitable for atomic resolution structure determination. An outstanding but crucial question is whether the use of a pulse repetition rate nearly four orders of magnitude higher than previously possible results in unwanted structural changes due to either radiation damage or systematic effects on data quality. Here, separate structures from the first and subsequent pulses in the European XFEL pulse train were determined, showing that there is essentially no difference between structures determined from different pulses under currently available operating conditions at the European XFEL.

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“…Since the shock reflections at a water-air interface are rarefaction waves [34], pronounced pressure oscillations should occur in jets and drops exposed to XFEL pulses. Two previously observed effects of these pressure oscillations are spallation in droplets [17] and the formation of shock trains in jets [24,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The shocks launched by XFEL pulses may damage soft samples, such as protein crystals carried in liquid jets for serial femtosecond crystallography [25], in experiments performed at XFELs that generate MHz pulse repetition rates. While the initial experiments carried with 1.1 MHz pulse trains at the European XFEL [26] did not observe shock damage in protein crystals [27][28][29], it remains possible that shock damage will occur if such experiments are conducted at the maximum possible pulse rate of 4.4 MHz [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The reflection of XFEL shocks at the surface of liquid jets and drops was observed to lead to spallation in droplets [17] and to the generation of shock trains in jets [24,30]. In both cases these phenomena had features not observed in similar experiments with pulsed optical lasers, including the generation of very large negative pressures in drops [17], and the generation of very large sound intensities in jets [30]. The quantitative characterization of these phenomena had large uncertainties or significant noise, which was caused in part by incomplete knowledge of the properties of the initial shock launched by the XFEL pulse, such as the shock waveform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Magnitude and Waveform of Shock Waves Induced by X-ray Lasers in Water

et al. 2020

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The high energy densities deposited in materials by focused X-ray laser pulses generate shock waves which travel away from the irradiated region, and can generate complex wave patterns or induce phase changes. We determined the time-pressure histories of shocks induced by X-ray laser pulses in liquid water microdrops, by measuring the surface velocity of the microdrops from images recorded during the reflection of the shock at the surface. Measurements were made with ~30 µm diameter droplets using 10 keV X-rays, for X-ray pulse energies that deposited linear energy densities from 3.5 to 120 mJ/m; measurements were also made with ~60 µm diameter drops for a narrower energy range. At a distance of 15 µm from the X-ray beam, the peak shock pressures ranged from 44 to 472 MPa, and the corresponding time-pressure histories of the shocks had a fast quasi-exponential decay with positive pressure durations estimated to range from 2 to 5 ns. Knowledge of the amplitude and waveform of the shock waves enables accurate modeling of shock propagation and experiment designs that either maximize or minimize the effect of shocks.

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Generation of high-intensity ultrasound through shock propagation in liquid jets

Cited by 13 publications

References 71 publications

Effect of X-ray free-electron laser-induced shockwaves on haemoglobin microcrystals delivered in a liquid jet

Effect of X-ray free-electron laser-induced shockwaves on haemoglobin microcrystals delivered in a liquid jet

Evaluation of serial crystallographic structure determination within megahertz pulse trains

The Magnitude and Waveform of Shock Waves Induced by X-ray Lasers in Water

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