Generation of Intersubtype Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Recombinants in env Gene In Vitro: Influences in the Biological Behavior and in the Establishment of Productive Infections

Costa, Luciana Jesus da; Munerato, Patrı́cia; Diaz, Ricardo Sobhie; Tanuri, Amílcar

doi:10.1006/viro.1999.0133

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The role of recombination on the emergence of drug resistance mutations is not yet clear and it can be difficult to assess because other processes may also influence its evolutionary consequences (i.e., cellular superinfection [ 52 – 54 ], random genetic drift, and viral population size [ 55 , 56 ] or fitness selection of the newly generated viral forms [ 57 , 58 ]) and because the detection of recombination can be problematic under low levels of nucleotide diversity [ 59 ]. Contradictory effects of recombination during HIV-1 antiviral therapy can be found in the literature.…”

Section: The Role Of Viral Recombination During Hiv-1 Antiviral Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Consequences of Antiviral Therapy on HIV-1

Arenas

2015

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

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A variety of enzyme inhibitors have been developed in combating HIV-1, however the fast evolutionary rate of this virus commonly leads to the emergence of resistance mutations that finally allows the mutant virus to survive. This review explores the main genetic consequences of HIV-1 molecular evolution during antiviral therapies, including the viral genetic diversity and molecular adaptation. The role of recombination in the generation of drug resistance is also analyzed. Besides the investigation and discussion of published works, an evolutionary analysis of protease-coding genes collected from patients before and after treatment with different protease inhibitors was included to validate previous studies. Finally, the review discusses the importance of considering genetic consequences of antiviral therapies in models of HIV-1 evolution that could improve current genotypic resistance testing and treatments design.

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Section: The Role Of Viral Recombination During Hiv-1 Antiviral Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Consequences of Antiviral Therapy on HIV-1

Arenas

2015

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

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“…CCR5, a chemotactic cytokine receptor, is a coreceptor for macrophage tropic strains of HIV (also referred to as R5 viruses), and CXCR4, also a chemokine receptor, is a coreceptor for T-lymphocyte tropic strains of HIV (also referred to as X4 viruses). These distinctions are not exclusive as strains exhibiting dual tropism have been reported (R5X4 strains) (Braat et al, 1998;Tsherning et al, 1998;Costa et al, 2000;Morris et al, 2001;Nicholson et al, 2001). However, soon after sero-conversion macrophage tropic strains are predominantly found (Schutten et al, 2001).…”

Section: Life Cycle Of Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interesting cross-paths of HIV/AIDS and water in Southern Africa with special reference to South Africa

Lawrence¹,

Onabolu²,

Momba³

et al. 2007

WSA

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HIV/AIDS and water-borne diseases account for a substantial degree of morbidity and mortality in different age groups across the globe, but their ripple effects are more devastating in developing countries. Estimates of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa vary but attest to a mature and generalised epidemic. Antenatal sero-prevalence data show a rising epidemic from less than 1% prevalence among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in 1990 to over 29.5% in 2004. Prevalence is generally higher among females than males, indicating feminisation of the epidemic. Race analyses in 2003 reveal the highest prevalence to be among African (13%) followed by Whites and Coloureds (6.2%) and least among Indians (1.6%). The epidemic which has left a wave of orphans, child-headed households and its attendant ripple effects on household structures, demography, economy and education is characterised by a 'pigeon-hole' of several opportunistic infections. In rural areas, devoid of electricity and potable water, the impact is more profound because of the role of water in cooking, drinking, consumption of anti-retrovirals and in the preparation of milk supplements for infants. People with compromised immune systems are more prone to several diseases than individuals whose immune systems are not compromised by HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS patients therefore have greater requirements for potable water than uninfected individuals. Improving water quality will lead to a decline in child and adult mortality as well as diarrhoeal diseases in people living with HIV/AIDS. One of the hallmarks of HIV/AIDS is diarrhoea and about 90% of HIV/AIDS patients in Africa suffer from chronic diarrhoea, an easily recognisable clinical manifestation of water-borne infections. Other linkages between HIV/AIDS and water are breast feeding; unsafe water used in infant formula preparation which increases the risk of diarrhoeal diseases and deaths in infants; anti-retroviral treatment, as safe water is needed during anti-retroviral treatment or treatment for opportunistic infections in HIV. In addition to providing safe water, supply points and latrines should be close to points of use as this will reduce the long distances that care givers and HIV/AIDS patients undertake to fetch water and appropriate water system design is required. Added to the above-mentioned are poverty alleviation aspects; poverty enhances vulnerability to HIV infection and AIDS exacerbates poverty. Secured access to sufficient safe water and sanitation is also a human rights issue, just as stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS has made the disease a human rights issue. The cross-paths between HIV/AIDS and water have long-term implications for effective water resource management and the provision of wholesome water to communities. Such implications include faltering payment for water supply because HIV and AIDS are financially dis-empowering, erosion of social capital and waning productivity. Mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS in the water sector is of utmost importance, including development of workplace pol...

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“…O HIV-1 pode ser classificado em três grandes grupos: M (Major), O (Outlier) e N (non-M/non-O) (Costa et al, 2000). A análise genética de isolados do HIV-1 revelou a existência, dentro do grupo M, de dez subtipos distintos: A, B, C, D, F1, F2, G, H, I, J e K, além de quatro formas recombinantes denominadas CRFs (Circulating Recombinant Forms): AE, AG, AGI e AB.…”

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