Generation of masticatory rhythm in the brainstem

Nakamura, Yoshio; Katakura, Nobuo

doi:10.1016/0168-0102(95)90003-9

Cited by 310 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Despite the substantial literature on their neural control mechanisms [8][9][10][11], little data exist on the role of volition in the processing and swallowing of solid food. Both mastication and swallowing are mediated by central pattern generators in the brain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volitional control of food transport and bolus formation during feeding

Palmer

Hiiemäe

Matsuo

et al. 2007

Physiology & Behavior

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When healthy individuals eat solid food, chewed food is usually transported to the oropharynx where it accumulates before swallowing (stage II transport). We tested the hypothesis that this transport process can be altered by volition. Eight healthy young subjects ate 8 g pieces of cookie with barium while movements were recorded with videofluorography. There were two trials for each subject, each with different instructions: 1) Without command: to eat the cookie in his/her usual manner; 2) With command: to chew the cookie, give a signal when ready to swallow, and then swallow on command of the investigator. We measured the number of chewing cycles, the duration of each stage in the feeding sequence, and the position of the leading edge of the barium at time of command and at swallow onset. Sequence duration was longer with than without command (P = 0.02), primarily because of an increase in the number of chewing cycles (P = 0.02). The leading edge was typically higher in the foodway at the time of swallow onset with than without command (P = 0.06). Under the command condition, stage II transport was delayed, and transport to the valleculae was inhibited. Volition alters swallow initiation in both the timing and location of the food bolus relative to the airway.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volitional control of food transport and bolus formation during feeding

Palmer

Hiiemäe

Matsuo

et al. 2007

Physiology & Behavior

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“…27 This is demonstrated to have a shift of the cortical projection area from the cortical sucking area to the cortical masticatory area during the maturation. 20 Apparently, a lower occlusal force due to liquid-diet feeding can be one of the factors in this alteration, but masticatory function that is used to transport food intraorally has been argued to also be the main difference between the intake of a liquid and solid diet. 14 Although the liquid-diet feeding experimental model in rats used in the present study might not exactly resemble the alteration of masticatory function in temporomandibular disorders or malocclusion conditions, patients with poor masticatory function were reported to change the types of food and avoid chewing of hard food.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sensory inputs from low-threshold orofacial mechanoreceptors, such as mucosal and periodontal mechanoreceptors, muscle spindles, and temporomandibular receptors are known to be very important in regulating masticatory movement and force by providing sensory feedback along with eliciting the JOR when the mastication is performed. 15,20,21 Thus, modified sensory feedback elements from these mechanoreceptors due to alteration in masticatory function would possibly be one of the factors causing JOR suppression in the experimental rats. Nevertheless, the influences on the central control system, eg, cortical masticatory area, sensorimotor cortex, and other subcortical structures, cannot be excluded because the consistency of food was also suggested to affect the central mechanism controlling masticatory movement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 However, mastication is a behavior that has to adapt to environmental demands through the mediation of inputs to the CPG, which is highly dependent upon orofacial sensory afferents, and this modification can be carried out by interacting via reflex circuits on the motor neurons. 6,20 Therefore, jaw reflex studies can be useful to investigate alterations of sensorimotor processing in masticatory performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Masticatory Function and Maturation of the Jaw-Opening Reflex

Changsiripun

Yabushita

Soma

2009

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To test the null hypothesis that alteration in masticatory function due to liquid-diet feeding during growth does not affect jaw-opening reflex (JOR) maturation. Materials and Methods: Soon after weaning, 70 female Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups and fed either solid (control group) or liquid (experimental group) diets. At 5, 9, and 13 weeks, the rats were anesthetized and the JOR was recorded in the anterior belly of the digastric muscles as evoked by a low-intensity electrical stimulation of the left inferior alveolar nerve. Results: There were similar tendencies at each recording age. Peak-to-peak amplitude of the JOR was significantly smaller, and the latency was significantly longer in the experimental group, although the duration was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions: These data suggest that long-term masticatory functional change due to liquid-diet feeding during growth may impede the learning for JOR maturation, and thus may affect the masticatory performance in the adult. (Angle Orthod. 2009;79:299-305.)

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“…6 Oka and Kurachi 7 found that the masti catory movement cycle duration decreases and the degree of jaw opening increases after stress load ing. Nakaminami 8 found that masticatory move ment rhythm changes after stress loading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Chewing Rate on Salivary Stress Hormone Levels

Tasaka

Tahara

Sugiyama

et al. 2008

J Jpn Prosthodont Soc

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This study was conducted to clarify the effect of chew ing rate on salivary stress hormone levels. The results suggest that the effect on stress release with fast chew ing is greater than that with slow chewing. AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of different chewing rates on salivary cortisol lev els as a stress indicator. Methods:The subject group consisted of 16 healthy males. They were required to rest for 30 min, and then given arithmetic calculations to perform for 30 min as stress loading. Immediately after, the first set of saliva specimens (S1) was collected over a period of 1 min to measure cortisol levels. Next, they were asked to chew a tasteless gum base for 10 min, and the second set of sa liva specimens (S2) was collected in the same manner. They were then required to rest for 10 min, after which the third set of saliva specimens (S3) was collected. Chewing rates were set to slow, habitual, and fast in time with a metronome. Salivary cortisol levels were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Changes in salivary cor tisol levels comparing S1 with S2, and S1 with S3 were determined. Results: Changes in salivary cortisol levels between S1and S2 showed a reduction of 4.7%, 14.6%, and 16.2% with slow, habitual, and fast chewing, respectively. A significant difference was observed between slow and fast chewing. Changes in salivary cortisol levels between S1 and S3 showed a reduction of 14.4%, 22.2%, and 25.8% with slow, habitual, and fast chewing, respective ly. A significant difference was observed between slow and fast chewing. Conclusion:This study showed that differences in chew ing rate affected salivary cortisol levels as a stress indi cator, and suggested that the effect on stress release with fast chewing is greater than that with slow chewing.

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Generation of masticatory rhythm in the brainstem

Cited by 310 publications

References 126 publications

Volitional control of food transport and bolus formation during feeding

Volitional control of food transport and bolus formation during feeding

Masticatory Function and Maturation of the Jaw-Opening Reflex

Influence of Chewing Rate on Salivary Stress Hormone Levels

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