Generation of Methane in Earth

Rajput, Sanjeev; Thakur, Naveen

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802020-3.00002-3

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Phase saturations (water (Sw), gas (Sg), and hydrate (Shyd)) were directly determined in situ using the following series of mass balance equations: 𝐻𝐼 w 𝑆 w + 𝐻𝐼 g 𝑆 g = 𝐼 NMR (5) (𝜂 w 𝑡=0 − 𝜂 w ) − 𝑁𝜂 h = 0 (6) 𝑆 w + 𝑆 g + 𝑆 hyd = 1 (7) where HI is the hydrogen index of the phase denoted by the subscript. INMR is the NMR signal intensity normalised to the signal intensity for the fully water saturated glass ballotini sample (Sw=1), corrected for the influence of sample temperature.…”

Section: Calculation Methods For Phase Saturationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 In nature, these hydrates form vast repositories of natural gas in both deep ocean sediment and shallow strata at depths ranging from 300 to 4000 m, where relevant thermodynamic conditions exist with a sufficient source of biogenic or thermogenic gases. 5 As the world moves from liquid and solid fuels to a greater use of natural gas, the attractiveness of these NGHs is enhanced as a prospective energy resource. 6 However, their viable development is still economically and technologically challenging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural gas hydrates (NGHs) have been widely recognized as a vast hydrocarbon resource with an energy content much greater than that in all remaining conventional fossil fuels. − Gas hydrates are icelike crystalline solids that are formed when water and suitably sized gas molecules (typically less than 9.0 Å in diameter) are combined at high-pressure and low-temperature conditions . In nature, these hydrates form vast repositories of natural gas in both deep ocean sediments and shallow strata at depths ranging from 300 to 4000 m, where relevant thermodynamic conditions exist with a sufficient source of biogenic or thermogenic gases . As the world moves from liquid and solid fuels to greater use of natural gas, the attractiveness of these NGHs is enhanced as a prospective energy resource .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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NMR-Compatible Sample Cell for Gas Hydrate Studies in Porous Media

Zuniga

Aman

et al. 2020

Energy Fuels

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The production of methane (CH4) from natural-gas hydrate deposits via molecular replacement by injected, thermodynamically more favourable, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a promising method of energy production and carbon sequestration. However, the viability of this technique is constrained by mass-transfer limitations, which are in turn associated with diffusion of the injected CO2 into the hydrate-bearing sediment layers. Generally, the coupled heat-and mass-transfer phenomena associated with this replacement process in a complex heterogeneous porous media, are poorly understood. In order to facilitate the non-invasive pore-scale study of this replacement process (ultimately in sediment cores) using a range of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques, a novel NMR-compatible sediment holder has been designed and constructed. Via the provision of centralised sample cooling, sample temperature control is afforded at high pressures whilst keeping the NMR magnet system at the required temperature. Hydrate formation and dissociation processes in model porous media were successfully investigated using a CH4/C2H6 mixture and CO2 respectively. Novel 1D MRI images of the residual liquid water and hydrocarbon gas were acquired during the hydrate formation and dissociation processes using a SPRITE MRI pulse sequence. Interleaved NMR T2 relaxation measurements were also obtained to interrogate the pores sizes occupied by the residual water. From these results, the water distribution and subsequent hydrate-formation behaviour has been spatially and temporally resolved throughout the porous media.

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Section: Calculation Methods For Phase Saturationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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NMR-Compatible Sample Cell for Gas Hydrate Studies in Porous Media

Zuniga

Aman

et al. 2020

Energy Fuels

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“…Other forms of unconventional gas resource are gas hydrates and coalbed methane reservoirs. Gas hydrates are crystalline ice-like forms of water with a structured molecular framework joined together to create cavities such that gas molecules, which are mostly methane, are trapped within it [17]. Other entrapped guest gases include ethane, isobutene and propane [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production from Unconventional Petroleum Reservoirs: Précis of Stimulation Techniques and Fluid Systems

Eshiet¹

2022

Emerging Technologies in Hydraulic Fracturing and Gas Flow Modelling

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An overview of the different categories of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, and corresponding stimulation techniques appropriate for them is examined. Three main groups of unconventional oil and gas formations are appraised: heavy oil, oil shale and tight reservoirs. The scope of stimulation methods applicable to heavy oil reservoirs is limited. This kind of formation contains characteristic high-viscous hydrocarbons and are produced majorly by cold production and thermal stimulation. On the other hand, a wider range of stimulation methods are successfully used to produce tight and oil shales formations. For oil shales, these include drilling horizontal wells as substitutes to vertical wells, hydraulic fracturing, surfactant treatment, water imbibition, thermal treatment and acidisation; whilst for tight formations, these include hydraulic fracturing, surfactant treatment, water imbibition, acidisation and the application of electro-kinetics. Fracturing fluid systems are integral to the implementation of most stimulation operations and are evaluated herein under the following groups: water-based, oil-based, foam-based and acid-based. The most commonly used fracturing fluids are water based, albeit there are several instances where other types of fluids or combination of fluids are more suitable based on factors such as formation sensitivity, costs, wettability, rock solubility, surface tension, capillarity, viscosity, density, rheology and reactivity.

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Generation of Methane in Earth

Cited by 2 publications

References 41 publications

NMR-Compatible Sample Cell for Gas Hydrate Studies in Porous Media

NMR-Compatible Sample Cell for Gas Hydrate Studies in Porous Media

Production from Unconventional Petroleum Reservoirs: Précis of Stimulation Techniques and Fluid Systems

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