Generation of Seafloor Hydrothermal Vent Fluids and Associated Mineral Deposits

Tivey, Margaret K.

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2007.80

Cited by 341 publications

(246 citation statements)

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“…One possibility is that the relatively higher concentration of Si in the present experiment compared to that in natural hydrothermal fluids at similar temperatures (around 340°C) is caused by the difference in pH. The pH was ~9 in the present experiment, in contrast to the pH values of 2.8-4.5 in natural hydrothermal fluids at mid-ocean ridges (Tivey, 2007). High pH leads to the increase in dissolved Si concentration; concentration of Si at pH 4 is about 15 mM (mainly SiO 2 (aq) ) assuming equilibrium with quartz, which increases to 57 mM at pH = 10 (HSiO 3 -/SiO 2 (aq) = 2.9).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…Numerous field studies have predicted that physicochemical conditions (e.g., temperature, pH and rock compositions) influence the compositions of the generated hydrothermal fluids (Tivey, 2007). However, it is practically impossible to observe the in-situ hydrothermal reactions in deep subsurface environments due to the inaccessibility and the elevated temperature and pressure conditions of these environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elemental dissolution of basalts with ultra-pure water at 340°C and 40 Mpa in a newly developed flow-type hydrothermal apparatus

et al. 2013

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NOTE 89(sea)water that occur in these extreme environments (e.g., Yoshizaki et al., 2009).To date, hydrothermal experiments have been mainly performed using batch-type apparatuses that simulate a closed system (Seyfried, Jr. and Mottl, 1982;Ghiara et al., 1993;Gislason and Arnórsson, 1993). In particular, batch experiments of basalt-seawater reactions have been performed under high temperature (300°C or higher) and high pressure (50 MPa or higher) conditions (e.g., Seyfried, Jr. and Mottl, 1982). In contrast, flowing conditions can occur in open systems (i.e., flow-through systems), where kinetic water-rock reactions and flow rates strongly affect fluid compositions. Here, we developed a new flow-type hydrothermal apparatus to perform experiments in an open system under flowing conditions. This apparatus can reproduce water-rock reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures (up to 500°C, 50 MPa) under flow-through conditions, corresponding to a water-rock reaction zone in the sub-seafloor hydrothermal systems. Furthermore, the apparatus can also reproduce the mixing of hydrothermal fluids with cool seawater. A flow- July 20, 2012; Accepted January 4, 2013) To simulate the discharge zone of hydrothermal systems in the laboratory, we developed a flow-type hydrothermal apparatus that can reproduce water-rock reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures under flow-through conditions and also the mixing of hydrothermal fluids with seawater. Using this apparatus, basaltic rocks were reacted with ultrapure water at 340°C and 40 MPa for 1271 h under flow-through conditions. An increase in Al, Fe, K, Na, P and Si in the reacted water was observed during the experiment, reproducing the process of dissolution from the basaltic rocks. An increase in pH to 9 during the experiment can be attributed to the dissolution of silicate minerals in the basaltic rocks. That the pH in the experiment is higher than the pH observed in natural hydrothermal fluids at mid-ocean ridges is a result of higher Si concentrations observed in the experiment than those of natural hydrothermal fluids.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental dissolution of basalts with ultra-pure water at 340°C and 40 Mpa in a newly developed flow-type hydrothermal apparatus

et al. 2013

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“…Anhydrite-and sulfide-rich chimneys are formed at vent orifices, and they evolve and mature (Goldfarb et al, 1983;Haymon, 1983). Hydrothermal fluids and mineral deposits exhibit compositional ranges, based in part on the host rock (e.g., basalt, enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt, andesite, rhyolite, peridotite, presence or absence of sediment), and in part on styles of mixing (e.g., Hannington et al, 2005;Tivey, 1995;Tivey, 2007). Hydrothermal vent fields are also home to unique biological communities that are supported by chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea (Hessler and Kaharl, 1995).…”

Section: Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Raman spectroscopy as a technique for identification of seafloor hydrothermal and cold seep minerals

2009

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“…These systems result from the penetration of oxygenated seawater into the oceanic crust, where water-rock interactions produce chemically altered fluids that reemerge from the seabed and lead to the precipitation of polymetallic sulfide deposits [2]. In the absence of sunlight, specialized microorganisms oxidize reduced compounds from the hydrothermal fluids to generate energy for carbon fixation [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biophysical and Population Genetic Models Predict the Presence of “Phantom” Stepping Stones Connecting Mid-Atlantic Ridge Vent Ecosystems

et al. 2016

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Generation of Seafloor Hydrothermal Vent Fluids and Associated Mineral Deposits

Cited by 341 publications

References 33 publications

Elemental dissolution of basalts with ultra-pure water at 340°C and 40 Mpa in a newly developed flow-type hydrothermal apparatus

Elemental dissolution of basalts with ultra-pure water at 340°C and 40 Mpa in a newly developed flow-type hydrothermal apparatus

Laser Raman spectroscopy as a technique for identification of seafloor hydrothermal and cold seep minerals

Biophysical and Population Genetic Models Predict the Presence of “Phantom” Stepping Stones Connecting Mid-Atlantic Ridge Vent Ecosystems

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