Signaling by interferon y (IFN--y) requires two structurally related cell surface proteins: a ligand-binding polypeptide, known as the IFN-,y receptor (IFN-,yR), and an accessory factor. However, it is not known whether IFN--y forms a ternary complex with the IFN--yR and accessory factor to initiate signaling. Here we demonstrate complex formation between IFN-y and the two proteins, both in solution and at the cell surface. We observe complexes containing ligand, two molecules of IFN--yR ( IFN--y have been elucidated (2-4). IFN--y stimulates the tyrosine kinases Jakl and Jak2, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of the IFN--y receptor (IFN--yR). Statl, a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor, binds to the phosphorylated IFN--yR, undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation, and forms homodimers that translocate to the nucleus to initiate transcription of IFN--y-inducible genes.The cell surface events that initiate IFN-,y signaling remain unclear. A protein known widely as the IFN-,yR binds IFN-y in a species-specific manner in human or murine species (1, 5).The IFN--yR belongs to the class 2 cytokine receptor family (6), which includes tissue factor (7), the two known chains of the IFN-a/13 receptor (8, 9), the interleukin 10 receptor (10), and the receptor-like molecule CRF2-4 (11). IFN--y signaling requires the IFN-,yR as well as an additional protein known as the IFN--yR accessory factor (1, 12). Functional complementation experiments suggest that a species-specific interaction between the IFN--yR extracellular domain (ECD) and the accessory factor is required for signaling (13-15). However, direct biochemical evidence for this deduced interaction is lacking, and its nature is undefined. For example, while the IFN-,yR is sufficient for ligand binding, it is not known whether the accessory factor is involved in this function as well. In addition, while the homodimeric IFN--y molecule (16) and IFN-,yR form a complex with a stoichiometry of 1:2 (17, 18), it is not known whether a ternary complex that contains the The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. accessory factor as well mediates signal transduction. Recently, human and murine accessory factor cDNAs have been isolated (19,20). The accessory factor is a type 1 transmembrane protein that resembles the class 2 cytokine receptor family (6). In this study, we use IFN--yR and accessory factor cDNAs to investigate whether their encoded proteins interact and to examine whether signaling can be blocked by preventing such interaction. Our results provide the basis for defining the subunit structure of the IFN--yR signaling complex and suggest an approach to inhibiting specific functions of IFN by blocking the interaction of receptor subunits.MATERIALS AND METHODS a-and 1-Chain ECDs. We generated cDNA constructs encoding immunoglobulin fusion proteins (immunoadhesins) based on the ECD of human ...